1、山东科技大学学士学位论文 附录： 英 文 文献 与翻译 The Project Cycle If the question, ”What does the world bank do?” had to be answered in a few words, those words would be :”It lends for development projects.” The World Banks main business, that is, loans to those who have been carefully selected and prepared a comprehen
2、sive assessment of, and strict supervision as well as the systematic evaluation of the particular item. Bank for Reconstruction and Development since their inception in 1946, and its subsidiarys soft lending institutions - the International Development Association (the IDA, 1961 operation was put in
3、to operation), together provided a total of 3094 T for the hardware project development loans and soft loans, the total has more than 92 billion U.S. dollars. The vast majority of these loans, that is, more than 90% for specific projects such as schools, agricultural production planning, dam, road c
4、onstruction, and fertilizer plants. The Bank will focus on project loans, the World Bank to ensure that funds are invested reliable, productive principle of the project. These projects can promote economic development in borrowing countries, but also taking into account the ability to repay loans. W
5、orld Bank is a development agencies, but also a financial institution, the loan for each project must be consistent with the characteristics of the dual. In recent years, the number of items and amounts of loans have significant growth. In the early 50, the World Banks annual loans of less than 20 p
6、ens, a total amount of about 400 million U.S. dollars, and the vast majority concentrated in Europe and Latin America； in the 1967 financial year, a total of 67 loans totaling 1.1 billion U.S. dollars； in June 1986 ring the financial year, 青岛市委党校教学楼工程项目管理实施规划 approved a loan for 246 pens, the total
7、amount of up to 12.3 billion U.S. dollars, respectively, to 90 countries. There has been no less a change in the character of projects. From lending countries, development strategy and project design of loans, the World Bank Loan of the growing tendency to develop. - Borrowing countries: a gradual s
8、hift of loans in Asia, Africa and Latin America, poverty and the least developed countries. - Development strategy: the so-called progressives theory, that economic growth will eventually benefit the broad masses of the poor, the World Bank has been a more reasonable way to replace its urban and rur
9、al poverty by increasing labor productivity in the population and the standard of living of the plan, the whole economy will accelerate the eradication of poverty and direct together. - Sector: the focus from infrastructure and industry to a wider range of projects, only to speed up the development,
10、 provision of basic services and improving income distribution. Although the infrastructure is still important, but the bandwidth of the scope of the World Bank has developed and extended to agriculture and rural development, roommates and gas, urban construction and public facilities, water supply
11、and sanitation comfortable, small business, education, health care, population and nutrition in all its aspects. - Project Design: new and traditional pay more attention to the various sectors of the distribution of income and employment, the development of regional resources and technology developm
12、ent institutions, generous talent, the impact on the environment and the elimination of the shackles of social and cultural issues. However, the World Bank has always been attention to the role of the market, possible price, quality linked to you and, where feasible, to 山东科技大学学士学位论文 recover the cost
13、 of the project to ensure the proper maintenance of the project and reconstruction of the areas of concern have also increased. This evolution in the development orientation-and in the quality-of bank lending can be illustrated, at the risk of oversimplification, by comparing a “typical” loan of the
14、 1950s with a “typical” loan of the 1970s. 50s loans may be used for a middle-income developing countries the construction of power plants. By foreign consultants to design and supervision, foreign contractors and suppliers responsible for the implementation of the foreign staff to assist in the man
15、agement of projects, from a certain sense, the project is taking abroad. As the project management organization in the analysis, the World Bank for the project technical and financial feasibility analysis. But he really the project in the energy sector in the context of the situation in which, power
16、 distribution, fees structure of the standards and the impact of electricity consumption, such as the lack of sufficient attention. 70s loans may be used to fight a low-income rural development in developing countries. The project provided a complete set of goods and services (including ancillary fa
17、cilities, credit, marketing, storage, infrastructure projects and studies, etc.) in order to improve the lives of rural productivity and book reviews. Expand the existing local public institutions or the establishment of new institutions； in a wide range of co-ordination of training programs, to mak
18、e full use of local talent； to promote low-cost design and application of appropriate technology, again for local contractors and suppliers to provide more opportunities； in the project to establish a monitoring and evaluation system to help coordinate the implementation of the project and lessons learned
