1、无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 外文翻译 2 外文翻译 Microcontrollers In the past decade the development of digital electrical technology in china closely followed the international step with a surprisingly high speed just like its economy increase .Variety of microelectronic and digital-processing products streamed into th
2、e market of china .studying and mastering the rapidly developed technology . The family of single chip digital processing devices The small digital processor made in a single chip ,which is customarily call “ single chip machine “ in china ,actually has the true name ,single chip microcontroller bel
3、ongs to a large family of small digital processing devices made in single chip ,or called single chip digital processor . This family contains a variety of single chip digital processors ,such as “ DSP” (digital signal processor ) , “ FPGA” ( field programmable gate array ) ,single chip microcontrol
4、ler , and so on .A simple description of the major members is given in this section . Digital signal processor, which processes a mass of digital signals in batches at very high speed, working in parallel method in some key step of its own operation by using its own mathematic algorithms provided by
5、 manufactures taking advantage of the hardware features of DSP. Field programmable gate array (FPGA), which consists of a set of gate-elements working together organized by user or designer, and be programmed in the working field, namely “ on-line” . Processor of computer-digital signal processor wh
6、ich is specially designed for the computer ,especially for the PC ,to play the role as a brain and heart of them ,having very strong and multidimensional functions ,surrounding the mathematic and logical operation ,but less independency and connection ability than the microcontroller ,unless it is s
7、et in a combination consisting of a lot of assistant elements . Single chip microcontroller A most typical type of single chip digital single processors ,as mentioned above , involving almost all functions and features of computer processor .furthermore ,they have very strong and multidimensional co
8、mmunication and “ association” abilities ,leasing to the ability of in dependent operation and signal-input /output operations ,and ability to control the environment equipments . It is worthy to pay attention to that a microcontroller plays a role like a micro-computer system which have full abilit
9、ies such as arithmetic calculation ,logical operation ,data storage and transmission ,etc ,and also can work independently like an industrial control computer it can send out or receive data signals in serial or parallel form ,and convert the signals form digital form into analog form or in reverse
10、,it can 无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 外文翻译 3 operate on an external system like a controller .so the microcontrollers are most typical digital signal processing equipments of the family mentioned above . More considerable is that currently some new types of microcontrollers DSP-embedded microcontrollers ,coming f
11、orm the combination of DSP and microcontroller , are put into technical market .this class of devices with dual-feature not only can perform very strong mathematic functions at high operation speed like the original DSP ,but also have the interface ability of communication with outside world . these
12、 features satisfy the requirements of modern science and technology .besides , being developed form the generally used computer processor ,the neuron-chip processors which process the signals in the of artificial neuron like human-brain(had been manufactured in laboratory including the micro electro
13、nic laboratory of Beijing university ,china ),the optical-CPU which operates on signals according to physic-optical principle ,and the normal parallel CPU which processes digital signals in parallel fashion at high speed ,are also becoming well known ,and the microprocessor of computer is developed
14、in a very radical direction some reconstruct able processor are provided for the world ,the “ reconstruct table processor “ mean a kind of generally used processors ,in a single chip can be arbitrarily organized into a lot of different types of microprocessors of computers by the user using a friend
15、ly platform show on the computer screen. The Application Examples Of Microcontrollers The microcontrollers are widely used into the fields of the rage of modern science and technology with the dimensions so large as an industrial production field of a few thousands of a few cube millimeters ,so far
16、as a worldwide communication of the a few micro-distant ( nanometer or so approximate as an organization measure system or in the micro-distant ( nanometer level ) technology which had been developed successfully in the word ,and in the laboratory of Beijing university of chemical technology as well
17、 . In this section some application examples are to be described, which are listed as below. Example 1 Usage in satellite In the solar-observe satellite investigated by Chinese national astronomy absovertory, about 300 microcontroller-DSP systems are installed ,which are used for controlling the obs
18、erving equipment operating ,communication ,DSP operating such as graphics-digit converting and compressing .etc. the digital processing system used in the satellite has the considerable features ,such as solar batteries as its own power supply ,having ability to prevented themselves form universe ra
19、diation and raid temperature variations ,and so on . Example 2Usage in medical camera 无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院 外文翻译 4 In the medical camera ,such as the one used for eye-bottom-picture talking ,a microcontroller-DSP system is installed ,which is designed for graphic-data pre-treatment ,temporary -storage and
20、 transmission .then ,the graphic-data will be by the microcontroller to the PC through communication technology and stored into the hard disk of PC ,and when needed ,the data will be converted into graph and displayed on the screen of PC Example 3 Usage in battle In The mine- detecting equipment a m
21、icrocontroller system is installed ,which is designed for converting the reflected radio-wave signal into digital signal , performing a pattern recognition algorithm to recognize if a mine is set under ground ,how deeply it were set ,what type it belongs to ,and so on . Example 4 Usage in mobile tel
22、ephones In the mobile telephone used by the people a microcontroller-DSP system must be for converting the sound-frequency signal, received from the user into digital signal to be treated and store, and converting the digital signal into radio-wave signal to be sent out to the special telephone serv
23、ice centre. Example 5 usage in environmental protection system In an environmental protection system there are a lot of sub-stations set between the sensors and supervisory offices. The sub-station consists of an intelligent instrument which, in fact, is a microcontroller system. The microcontroller
24、 system is combined of a microcontroller, a Modem, an A/D converter and a TTL or CMOS/RS-232voltage level converter. The physical value, carrying the environment information, is received. Conditioned, and driven by the sensor, and then the sensor transmits it, in an analog signal form, to the A/D co
25、nverts. The A/D converter converts the analog signal into digital signal, and then sends it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller receives the digital signal, performs a pre-treatment on it and then stores it into a memory .Once a supervisory office calls the sub-station through the line with
26、Modem and CMOS/RS-232 converter ,the microcontroller takes the data from the memory, sends them to the telephone line through the Modem and COMS/RS-232converter, and then into the PC of supervisory office .During this time, the COMS/RS-232converter converts the signal level of COMS protocol into the
27、 one of RS-232 protocol. Features of Currently Used Microcontrollers Example 6 80c51 series Harvard computer structure, CMOS chips technology, high working speed, micro volume and low power consumption. Disengaged power mode and power-down mode designed for power saving. Circuit extension for external internal, serial bus such as IC and even powerful network-system-bus for inter-equipment communication.
