1、 附录 外文原文 PORT PLANNING AT THE TERMINAL LEVEL Port Development Constantine D. Memos Greece Port development can refer either to the creation of a new port or to the expansion of an existing one, usually aimed at increasing its capacity or upgrading port operations. The issue of port development is ex
2、amined at three different levels: national, local, and port terminal. Complete study of the above can be a complicated procedure since it presupposes a contribution by many specialists of various disciplines. The analysis laid out in the following pages derives from the discipline of a civil enginee
3、r specialized in port planning who has undertaken the task of conceiving and designing the pertinent elements, in most cases as part of an interdisciplinary team charged with the overall port development planning. In designing at the port or terminal level, aspects pertaining to the maritime aspects
4、 of ports are also dealt with. Such issues include the general layout of breakwaters and quays and the design of entrances and maneuvering areas. Until recently, ports in many countries have usually been developed as part of local port development programs. Such programs normally do not take into co
5、nsideration the corresponding plans of other ports within the country, a factor that would have resulted in better coordination for increased national benefit. Indeed, in many cases, instead of attempting to achieve mutual complementing of aims, undue competition tends to develop between ports withi
6、n the same country. In governmentowned ports this situation can result in uneconomical investment of national capital in competing projects, and moreover, in loss of opportunities to attract a portion of international maritime traffic. The competitive tendencies relate to the foreign trade of the co
7、untry, foreign goods in transit, and goods being transshipped: the international flows that evidence potential for development as opposed to internal transports, which have more-or-less preset movement patterns. In more general terms, the existence of a national port policy could broadly define the
8、role of each port in a country, so that in the context of the national economy, the available funding can be employed as productively as possible. Depending on a countrys development and its tendency for privatization, the allocation of roles to each port may be conducted in such a manner as to perm
9、it a large percentage of these ports to be released from national coordination and to undertake their own development. The course of development of a port or port terminal usually undergoes phases, which also indicate its age. Evolution from a traditional break-bulk cargo port to a specialized uniti
10、zed cargo port may be gradual. However, it is distinguishable into qualitative changes that take place in specific periods throughout the overall life of the port. These phases are as follows: Phase 1: Traditional General Cargo Flow.A port with break-bulk or packaged bulk cargo terminals, such as fo
11、r bagged grains or petroleum in barrels Phase 2: Break-Bulk Cargoes. When breakbulk cargo flow exceeds an economically acceptable limit, these cargoes are transported in bulk form and the port develops a special bulkcargo terminal. At the same time, the breakbulk berths are increased, to accommodate
12、 the higher demand. Phase 3: Unit Loads. Unit loads start being carried on conventional vessels in small quantities in units such as palettes, containers, or packaged lumber. At the same time, break-bulk cargo flows, particularly those of bulked breakbulk cargoes, start diminishing to levels that require separation of cargo terminals for various cargo categories. Phase 4: Multipurpose Terminal.Unitized cargoes on specialized vessels start appearing in quantities that do not yet require development
