1、第 35 页 共 47 页 科技外文文献 Study on the Transfer Payment Policy about the Low-Income Housing in China Qun Gao Price-limit house and the commodity house for the middle and high-income families. The main target of the transfer payment system is the equalization of public services, and the equalization of th
2、e real estate means the fair sharing of the special public commodity, i.e. the real estate, which also could help the harmonious development of the real estate economy. Since 2005, the housing policy of China had begun transforming from the market housing to the low-income housing, to solve the hous
3、ing difficulty of low-income families. In the August of 2007, Certain Opinions about Solving the Housing Difficult Problems of Urban Low-income Families of the State Council of China indicated that the low-income housing policy of China went to be perfected. 1. The current transfer payment policy of
4、 China The finance transfer payment system is based on the tax distribution system of 1994, and it is composed by three parts, i.e. the tax rebates, the general transfer payment, and the special transfer payment, and it is the transfer payment system with Chinese characteristics giving priority to t
5、he transfer payment from the central government to the local governments. 1.1 Tax rebates Tax rebates is the main form of the finance transfer payment of China, and it is the important source of the local finance incomes, so whether the tax rebates is designed reasonably or not determines the reason
6、ability of the whole system. But the tax rebates is still distributed based the base to maintain the local vested interests, and it embodies the policy that inclines to those regions with strong income ability, and it maintains the vested interests of rich regions, and runs counter to the intention
7、reducing the gap among regions. In addition, though the tax rebates belongs to the central finance income on paper, but the local finance could determine these capitals finally. 1.2 General transfer payment The general transfer payment is the subsidy payout which is arranged by the central finance f
8、or local finances to compensate the financial gap of those regions with weak financial strengths. The general transfer payment is the important measure to reduce the financial gap among regions, and it is the main part of the finance transfer payment, and mainly includes many forms such as the commo
9、n transfer payment, the adjusted wage transfer payment, the national region transfer payment, the rural taxation expenses reform transfer payment, and the year-end balance finance subsidy. 1.3 Special transfer payment The special transfer payment is the subsidy capitals established by the central fi
10、anc to realize special macro policies and development strategic targets, and it is mainly used in various public service domains about the peoples livelihood. And local finances should use the capitals according to the regulated purpose. 2. The transfer payment of the government financial capitals F
11、inancial capital is one of the main capital sources of the low-income housing construction. In past local financial budget, the low-income housing construction capitals have not been arranged, and at present, the space to pay the low-income housing capitals in the local financial budge which is orig
12、inally intense is very limited. For the west regions with difficult financial income, the central government could support the local governments by the forms such as the budgetary investment subsidy and the special subsidy capitals of financial low-rent housing. In addition, the property tax can be
13、collected in the whole country, and part of the taxation could be used for the construction capitals of the low-income housing, which is deserved to 第 36 页 共 47 页 be explored. 3. The transfer payment of the added-incomes of housing fund According to the “Temporal Methods of the National Social Secur
14、ity Fund Investment Management” of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, all net incomes of the social security fund should be brought into the social security fund which should be distributed and invested according to relative regulations of China. The “Methods” reg
15、ulated that the housing fund was the “long-term housing savings fund”, so the housing fund is the guarantee capitals which are specially used for solving the employees housing problem, with the characteristics such as the specificity, the mutual assistance, and the security. These characteristics of
16、 the housing fund also belong to the content of social securities. The housing fund system should realize the mutual benefit, the mutual assistance, and the mutual association among subscribers, i.e. the added income of the housing fund except for the loan risk reserve and the relative management ch
17、arges is used for the construction of low-rent houses. Since 1998, the construction capitals from the added income of the housing fund have achieved about 10 billions Yuan, which is one form of the mutual assistance, and it could not only effectively solve the problem of difficult housing of low-inc
18、ome families, and accord with the essential attributes of the housing fund such as the mutual assistance and the security, but also embody the intention that China pushed the housing fund system, and promote the health development of the housing fund system. The added income of the housing fund mean
19、s the difference between the operation income and the operation payout of the housing fund. The operation income includes (1) The interest income of the personal housing loans of the housing fund,(2) the income of the bank credit, (3)and the interest income of purchasing the national debts. The oper
20、ation payout mainly includes (1) The agent fees of banks, (2) The deposit interest of the employees personal housing fund, (3)and other relative management charges. That is to say, the added income of the housing fund is composed by the deposit interest and the interest different between loans and d
21、eposits (i.e. the interest difference between the housing fund deposits and loans). In fact, the added income of the housing fund is generated in the process that the housing fund management center utilizes employees personal housing funds to satisfy subscribers demands of purchasing houses and addi
22、ng values under the support of national policy, and implements many added value activities such as depositing, loaning, and purchasing national debts. 4. The transfer payment of the land-transferring fees Land is the basic resource for the human being to survive. The establishment of the land transf
23、er system and the obtainment and distribution of the land transfer income are the basic guarantee for human being to live and develop. The formation of the land price accords with the economic development, the development course of city, and the durative of the land development, and only in this way
24、, the security function of land could be exerted fully. As the important strategic resource of the country, the land is used for the country to obtain the durative profit by the land transfer, which is used for the public establishment service and the public management, and the construction of the l
25、ow-rent houses. In the Economic Housing Application Procedures of China, the construction lands of the economic houses are provided by the form of administrative allocation, and brought into the yearly land supply plan of the current year, so the land cost of the economic housing construction is alm
26、ost zero. At the same time, local governments are exempted from various administrative fees and governmental funds of the urban basic establishment expenses for the economic housing projects. 第 37 页 共 47 页 The central government has required local governments to use more land transfer incomes in the
27、 housing construction of the low-rent houses and other security houses by the land income transfer payment, which could further solve the difficult housing for middle and low-income families in the economic regression. The proportion of the low-rent housing guarantee capitals in the new income of la
28、nd transfer should exceed 10%, and local governments could properly enhance this proportion according to the actual situations. The sharing of land income is the biggest livelihood, and to realize this sharing, the land price will certainly rise with the maturing of the regions and the land price in
29、 the mature regions only ascend and present the tendency of increasing values. In 2009, the income of national funds was 1833.504 billion Yuan, which equaled to 26.8% of the national finance income in the same period. In the income, the most was the state-owned land sale revenue of use-right. In thi
30、s year, the income of national land transfer was 1423.97 billion Yuan, 77.7% of the income of national funds, and the contribution ratio of the land transfer income to the national finance income was about 21%. The central government and local governments increased the public finance income by obtai
31、ning the lands, and improved the difficult housing of low-income families by the transfer payment. 5. The attempt that enterprises use their own lands to develop the economically affordable houses Because the construction of the low-income housing belongs to the governmental function, and the constr
32、uction scale is larger, the “land finance” of the government reduces more, and local governments could let some big enterprises with lands to participate in the low-income housing construction, so some governmental functions could be shared by enterprises, which could not only reduce the burden of t
33、he government, but also correspondingly reduce the instant loss of the “land finance”. In this way, both the government and the enterprise could obtain their own profits, and at the same time, because the new competitive subject, i.e. the industrial enterprises with lands, will occur in the commerci
34、al housing development market, that means the house price may descend properly. According to relative reports, many big enterprises in Shanghai have large numerous of lands, and the positions of these lands are better than the lands from the governments. It is obvious that these enterprises would us
35、e their lands for the commercial housing development and construction, but that was forbidden by the state. On the contrary, without special policies, these enterprises will not use their own lands for the commercial housing development and construction. Though the government has attracted many big
36、enterprises to use their own lands to participate in the low-income housing construction, the policies may be changed. According to the “The Low-income Housing Construction Land Supply Management Implementation Methods of Shanghai”, “if the enterprises voluntarily use their lands to apply and partic
37、ipate in the construction of low-income house, the baseline proportion of the low-income housing construction is 50%”. That is to say, the other 50% of lands could be allowed to construct the commercial houses. If this policy could be implemented, many enterprises would actively participate in the c
38、onstruction of the low-income house. 6. Horizontal transfer payment among governments In the practice, the horizontal transfer payment of finance has not occurred in the low-income housing among same-level governments. The transfer payment among governments is mainly to balance the gap of the govern
39、ment income because of different geographical environments or economic development levels, and ensure the local governments could effectively provide housing guarantee for difficult families according to the uniform standard of the state. Generally, the regions with developed economy and rich financ
40、e could transfer the finance to the poor regions, for supporting other regions each other, reducing the regional gap, balancing the finance, assisting the society, and supporting the minority. The capitals come from regions with rich finance, and the capital transfer is direct, transparent, and highly effective. With the encouragement of the central government, a non-formula and non-institutionalized transfer payment occurs among provinces and regions.
