1、 毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 设计（论文）题目： 鄞西小学 4 号教学楼 结构设计与预算 学 院 名 称： 建筑工程学院 专 业： 土木工程 班 级： 房建 -071 姓 名： 娄佳君 学 号 07404010214 指 导 教 师： 袁坚敏 职 称 讲师 2011 年 2 月 28 日 宁波工程学院毕业设计（论文） -外文翻译 1 外文原文： Lateral stiffness estimation in frames and its implementation to continuum models for linear and nonlinear static analysis Tub
2、a Eroglu Sinan Akkar Received: 23 April 2010 / Accepted: 17 November 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract Continuum model is a useful tool for approximate analysis of tall structures including moment-resisting frames and shear wall-frame systems. In continuum model, discrete build
3、ings are simplified such that their overall behavior is described through the contributions of flexural and shear stiffnesses at the story levels. Therefore, accurate determination of these lateral stiffness components constitutes one of the major issues in establishing reliable continuum models eve
4、n if the proposed solution is an approximation to actual structural behavior. This study first examines the previous literature on the calculation of lateral stiffness components (i.e. flexural and shear stiffnesses) through comparisons with exact results obtained from discrete models. A new methodo
5、logy for adapting the heightwise variation of lateral stiffness to continuum model is presented based on these comparisons. The proposed methodology is then extended for estimating the nonlinear global capacity of moment resisting frames. The verifications that compare the nonlinear behavior of real
6、 systems with those estimated from the proposed procedure suggest its effective use for the performance assessment of large building stocks that exhibit similar structural features. This conclusion is further justified by comparing nonlinear response history analyses of single-degree-of-freedom (sdo
7、f) systems that are obtained from the global capacity curves of actual systems and their approximations computed by the proposed procedure. Keywords Approximate nonlinear methods Continuum model Global capacity Nonlinear response Frames and dual systems T. Eroglu Department of Civil Engineering, Akd
8、eniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey e-mail: etubametu.edu.tr S. Akkar (B) 宁波工程学院毕业设计（论文） -外文翻译 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey e-mail: sakkarmetu.edu.tr 1 Introduction Reliable estimation of structural response is essential in the seismic
9、performance assessment and design because it provides the major input while describing the global capacity of structures under strong ground motions.With the advent of computer technology and sophisticated structural analysis programs, the analysts are now able to refine their structural models to c
10、ompute more accurate structural response. However, at the expense of capturing detailed structural behavior, the increased unknowns in modeling parameters, when combined with the uncertainty in ground motions, make the interpretations of analysis results cumbersome and time consuming. Complex struct
11、ural modeling and response history analysis can also be overwhelming for performance assessment of large building stocks or the preliminary design of new buildings. The continuum model, in this sense, is an accomplished approximate tool for estimating the overall dynamic behavior of moment resisting
12、 frames (MRFs) and shear wall-frame (dual) systems. Continuum model, as an approximation to complex discrete models, has been used extensively in the literature. Westergaard (1933) used equivalent undamped shear beam concept for modeling tall buildings under earthquake induced shocks through the imp
13、lementation of shear waves propagating in the continuum media. Later, the continuous shear beam model has been implemented by many researchers (e.g. Iwan 1997； Glkan and Akkar 2002； Akkar et al. 2005； Chopra and Chintanapakdee 2001) to approximate the earthquake induced deformation demands on frame
14、systems. The idea of using equivalent shear beams was extended to the combination of continuous shear and flexural beams by Khan and Sbarounis (1964). Heidebrecht and Stafford Smith (1973) defined a continuum model (hereinafter HS73) for approximating tall shear wall-frame type structures that is ba
15、sed on the solution of a fourthorder partial differential equation (PDE). Miranda (1999) presented the solution of this PDE under a set of lateral static loading cases to approximate the maximum roof and interstory drift demands on first-mode dominant structures. Later, Heidebrecht and Rutenberg (2000) showed a different version of HS73 method to draw the upper and lower bounds of interstory drift demands on frame systems. Miranda and Taghavi (2005) used the HS73 model to acquire the approximate structural behavior up to 3 modes. As a follow up study, Miranda and Akkar (2006)
