1、Household Water Treatment in China Hong Yang Geography and Environment University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom E-mail: () Jim A. Wright Geography and Environment University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom E-mail: (j.a.wrights
2、oton.ac.uk) Stephen W. Gundry Author Affiliations Water and Health Research Centre University of Bristol Woodland Road Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom E-mail: (stephen.gundrybristol.ac.uk) This study was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, under grant reference 48599 (Aquatest 2: Deliv
3、ery a low cost water test for developing countries). Dear Sir: We read with interest the article by Rosa and Clasen about the prevalence of household water treatment in low-income and middle-income countries. They discussed the geographic limitations of their global estimation, especially the lack o
4、f data for the largest national population in China. Several surveys covering water and sanitation have been undertaken in China in recent decades, such as the World Health Survey, the Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000, and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. These survey results
5、 have already been included in the World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Program report. However, none of these survey questionnaires covered household water treatment. Despite the lack of data on home water treatment accessible in the English language, it is possi
6、ble that other surveys exist that have been conducted by the Chinese government rather than through international systems, such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, with results published in Chinese only. We searched the bibliographic database Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure by using
7、the Chinese key words for “household” and “water” and “treatment/disinfection”. We found 417 Chinese language references. After screening the titles and abstracts of all references and the content of an additional 197 references, we found one paper reporting the national summary results of the Inves
8、tigation of Drinking Water and Sanitation in the Rural Areas conducted jointly by the Ministry of Health and the National Committee for Patriotic Public Health Campaign, Peoples Republic of China, during August 2006November 2007.In this nationally representative multi-stage cluster survey of rural a
9、reas, 6,948 sites were surveyed in 6,590 villages across all 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China. A total of 65,839 households were interviewed and 6,948 supply system, groundwater and surface water samples were tested for physicochemical parameters and total colif
10、orms. The interviews included two questions on home water treatment: “What is your usual drinking practice? 1) Drink raw water, 2) Drink boiled water” and “Do you treat (other than boiling) the household?s water? Yes or No”. Although the raw data are still not publicly available, the summary of the
11、official report indicated that 85.23% of rural households boiled their water before drinking and 5.11% treated their water (excluding boiling). Given that the mainland Chinese rural population was estimated to be 712.88 million in 2009,this finding suggests that the population boiling household wate
12、r is 607.59 million and the population using other forms of home water treatment is 36.3 million in rural China. Household water filters are increasingly used in urban areas of China. Although there are no reported household survey data for urban areas, one report estimated that 35% of the urban pop
13、ulation used household water filters.If this 4% prevalence estimate for household water filtration is applied to the total mainland Chinese urban population of 621.86 million,this suggests a population of 24.9 million filtering their water. Including these estimates for China, the global population
14、from low-income and middle-income countries boiling household water doubles from 0.601 to 1.21 billion, and the population using treated household water increases to at least 1.78 billion. A small-scale survey in Anhui Province in central China that collected 35 household storage water samples from
15、randomly selected households in three counties reported that the compliance rate for total coliforms ( 1 colony-forming unit/100 mL) of water stored in the home was only 39%.This limited evidence on microbial contamination of stored water implies that there may be a need for household water treatmen
16、t in rural China. Other treatment methods, e.g., filters, are increasingly used in more economically developed parts of rural China.However, boiling is still the most widely used water treatment method in rural China. The Investigation of Drinking Water and Sanitation in the Rural Areas survey figur
17、es illustrate the need for more data on the worlds most populous nation in understanding global patterns of household water treatment. It further underscores the need articulated by Rosa and Clasen to understand the effectiveness and use of boiling in non-intervention settings. 中国家庭水处理 1 杨宏 地理和环境 南安
18、普顿大学 大学路 南安普顿 SO17 1 bj、英国 电子邮件 :) 2 吉姆 a赖特 地理和环境 南安普顿大学 大学路 南安普顿 SO17 1 bj、英国 电子邮件 :(j.a.wrightsoton.ac.uk) 3 Gundry stephen w . +作者从属关系 水和卫生研究中心 布里斯托大学 林地道路 布里斯托尔 BS8 1、英国 电子邮件 :(stephen.gundrybristol.ac.uk) 这项研究由比 尔和梅林达盖茨基金会 ,在格兰特参考 48599(Aquatest 2:交付一个低成本水试验对于发展中国家 )。 亲爱的先生 : 我们读这篇文章有兴趣通过罗莎和 Cl
19、asen 关于普遍的家庭水处理在低收入和中等收入国家。他们讨论了地理限制的全球评估 ,特别是缺乏数据在中国最大的国家人口。几个调查 ,覆盖水和卫生设施先后在中国在最近几十年 ,如世界健康调查 ,全球供水和卫生评估 2000 年 ,和多指标组群调查。这些调查结果已经被包括在世界卫生组织 /联合国儿童基金会联合监测项目报告。然而 ,这些调查问卷涵盖家庭水处理。尽管缺乏家庭水处 理可访问的数据在英语语言 ,可能存在其他调查 ,进行了由中国政府而不是通过国际系统 ,如多个指标 ,结果发表调查中只有中文。 我们找遍了整个中国国家知识基础设施的书目数据库使用中国关键字为“家庭”和“水”和“治疗 /消毒”。
20、我们发现 417 中文参考文献。筛选后的标题和摘要的内容的所有引用和一个额外的 197 引用 ,我们发现一纸报告全国调查汇总结果的饮用水和卫生设施在农村地区进行了由卫生部和全国爱国卫生运动委员会、中华人民共和国在 2006 年 8 月 - 11 月 2007.3 在这个全国代表性的农村地区多阶段整群调查 ,6948 网站在 6590 年调查村庄所有 31 个省、自治区、直辖市在中国大陆。共有 65839 户家庭接受了采访 ,6948 年供应系统、地下水和地表水水样为物理化学参数和总大肠菌群。面试包括两个问题在家庭水处理 : “你平常喝实践 ?1)喝生水 ,2)喝开水”和 “你治疗 (沸腾 )家
21、庭吗 ?年代的水吗 ?是的或没有”。 尽管原始数据仍然没有公开可用的 ,总结的官方报告显示 ,85.23%的农村家庭煮水喝 ,治疗前 5.11%他们的水 (不含沸腾 )。鉴于中国大陆农村人口大约在 7.1288 亿 2009 年 ,这个发现表明 ,人口是 6.0759 亿 ,家庭用水煮沸的人口使用其 他形式的家庭水处理是 3630 万在中国农村。家庭水过滤器中 ,越来越多地使用在城市地区的中国。虽然没有报道家庭调查数据为城市地区 ,一份报告估计 ,3 - 5%的城市人口使用家庭水过滤器。如果这 4%患病率估计家庭水过滤应用于总中国大陆城市人口 6.2186 亿 ,这表明 2490 万人口的过滤水。包括这些估计对中国而言 ,全球人口从低收入和中等收入国家沸腾家庭水双打从 0.601 到 12.1 亿年 ,人口使用家庭水处理增加到至少 17.8 亿。 一个小规模的调查在安徽省 ,收集了 35个家庭存储水样本中随机选择的家庭在三个县报道 ,合规率对总大 肠杆菌群 ( 1 克隆形成单位 / 100 mL)的水储存在家里只有 39%。这有限的证据存储水的微生物污染意味着有可能需要在中国农村家庭水处理。其他治疗方法 ,如。、过
