1、河北工程大学土木工程学院 08 级交通工程专业外文翻译 2012 河北工程大学土木工程学院交通工程专业 中英文翻译 Road Design 专 业 ： 交 通 工 程 学 生 ： 程 莽 莽 指导老师： 卢 兰 萍 河北工程大学 2012 届毕业设计中英文翻译 2012 年 4 月 河北工程大学土木工程学院 08 级交通工程专业外文翻译 2012 英文原文 The Basics of a Good Road We have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egypt
2、ian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads are still in service. If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments
3、of a good road are: （ 1） Get water away from the road （ 2） Build on a firm foundation （ 3） Use the best materials （ 4） Compact all layers properly （ 5） Design for traffic loads and volumes （ 6） Design for maintenance （ 7） Pave only when ready （ 8） Build from the bottom up （ 9） Protect your investmen
4、t （ 10） Keep good records 1 Get water away from the road We cant overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a roads problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any layer of a roadsstructure can weaken that layer, lead
5、ing to failure. In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look l
6、ike alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems. To prevent these problems remember that water: flows downhill needs to flow someplace is a problem if it is not flowing Effective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To
7、do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems. Divert Interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road. Drain Creating
8、 a crown in the road so it is higher along the centerline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be 14 higher than the shoulder for each foot of width from the centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crown should be 12 higher per foot of width
9、. For this flow path to work, the road surface must be relatively water tight. Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying the flow away. Superelevations (banking) at the outside of curves will also help drain 河北工程大学土木工程学院 08 级交通工程专业外文翻译 2012 the road surface. Dispose
10、A ditch and culvert system carries water away from the road structure. Ditches should be at least one foot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer that drains the roadway. They must be kept clean and must be sloped to move water into natural drainage. If water stays in the ditches it can seep
11、 back into the road structure and undermine its strength. Ditches should also be protected from erosion by planting grass, or installing rock and other erosion control measures. Erosion can damage shoulders and ditches, clog culverts, undermine roadbeds, and contaminate nearby streams and lakes. Eva
12、luate your ditch and culvert system twice a year to ensure that it works. In the fall, clean out leaves and branches that can block flow. In spring, check for and remove silts from plowing and any dead plant material left from the fall. 2 Build on a firm foundation A road is only as good as its foun
13、dation. A highway wears out from the top down but falls apart from the bottom. The road base must carry the entire structure and the traffic that uses it. To make a firm foundation you may need to stabilize the roadbed with chemical stabilizers, large stone called breaker run, or geotextile fabric.
14、When you run into conditions where you suspect that the native soil is unstable, work with an engineer to investigate the situation and design an appropriate solution. 3 Use the best materials With all road materials you “pay now or pay later.” Inferior materials may require extensive maintenance th
15、roughout the roads life. They may also force you to replace the road prematurely. Crushed aggregate is the best material for the base course. The sharp angles of thecrushed material interlock when they are compacted. This supports the pavement and traffic by transmitting the load from particle to pa
16、rticle. By contrast, rounded particles act like ball bearings, moving under loads. Angular particles are more stable than rounded particles. Asphalt and concrete pavement materials must be of the highest quality, designed for the conditions, obtained from established firms, and tested to ensure it m
17、eets specifications. 4 Compact all layers In general, the more densely a material is compacted, the stronger it is. Compaction also shrinks or eliminates open spaces (voids) between particles. This means that less water can enter the structure. Water in soil can weaken the structure or lead to frost
18、 heaves. This is especially important for unsurfaced (gravel) roads. Use gravel which has a mix of sizes (well-graded aggregate) so smaller particles can fill the voids between larger ones. Good compaction of asphalt pavement lengthens its life. 5 Design for traffic loads and volumes Design for the
19、highest anticipated load the road will carry. A road that has been designed only for cars will not stand up to trucks. One truck with 9 tons on a single rear axle does as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars. Rural roads may carry log trucks, milk trucks, fire department pumper trucks, or con
20、struction equipment. If you dont know what specific loads the road will carry, a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece of highway maintenance equipment that will be used on the road. A well-constructed and maintained asphalt road should last 20 years without major repairs or reconstruction. In designing a road, use traffic counts that project numbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future. These are only projections, at best, but they will allow you to plan for traffic
