1、 毕业论文外文翻译 题目： 现代行政中心发展概述及其亲民性设计理念 毕业论文：外文翻译 学生姓名： 定稿时间： 2013-01-28 - - 外文翻译之一 Is Public Participation Making Urban Planning More Democratic? The Israeli Experience Author： NURIT ALFASI Nationality： Israeli Reference： Planning Theory & Practice ABSTRACT: The article examines the alleged connection be
2、tween the goal of democratization of the Israeli planning system and public participation in planning. It begins by claiming that the planning system in Israel is a non-democratic environment within the democratic state. This situation has stimulated the enormous development of theoretical and pract
3、ical work relating to public participation. Yet, statutory and voluntary participation mechanisms in Israel have not been able to inuence the decision-making structure in planning. Moreover, most public organizations and NGOs that are supposed to represent the voice of the public are far from being
4、genuine public delegates. The article also relates to the power/knowledge problem, stating that participation processes cannot escape it. The article highlights the widely experienced tensions between the democratization of planning through more consultative and participative processes, the role of
5、elected representatives and of civil society movements which choose co-operative rather than oppositional strategies. Introduction Public participation is an idea that has been around for a long time, as long as modern urban planning. Yet it refuses to exhaust itself or become jaded. On the contrary
6、, a brief look at recent planning practice and academic studies will reveal that public participation is the subject of an ongoing, lively debate. It is in the forefront of the latest planning projects, opens leading international planning conferences and is the topic of some of the most fashionable
7、 books. Interest in the subject does not seem to fade, therefore it is safe to assume that the large body of academic and practical work dealing with public participation will continue to grow. This article focuses on the barriers to public participation in the Israeli planning system and the uneasy
8、 relationship that exists in Israel between participation and the democratization of planning. The article begins by contending that planning represents a non-democratic environment 毕业论文：外文翻译 学生姓名： 定稿时间： 2013-01-28 - - within the framework of a democratic state, an inconsistency that may also be fou
9、nd in other countries beside Israel and which has stimulated the extensive development of public participation worldwide. The article attempts to show that most conventional approaches to public participation in Israel have not made planning more democratic, and that the concept of direct democracy,
10、 presented in the growing involvement of NGOs and voluntary organizations, is illusory. In addition, the article casts doubt on the effectiveness of challenging power/knowledge relationships Nurit Alfasi, Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Isra
11、el. through the usual community participation routes and points at another trap, the visioning trap, that exists in planning and participation. Finally, an initial framework for democratization of planning in Israel is briey discussed. Why Is there a Need for Public Participation? “If the planning p
12、rocess is to encourage democratic urban government then it must operate so as to include rather than exclude citizens from participation in the process” claims Davidoff in his classic Advocacy and pluralism in planning (1965/1973). A sense of discomfort has accompanied urban and regional planning si
13、nce its early modern beginnings. Much has been written about planning being a useful tool in exercising power and control (Harvey, 1985, 1989； Yiftachel, 1998). Critics of planning, as well as radicl planners and theoreticians, agree that planning is not democratic enough, as it lacks the integrated
14、 representation of different sectors of society (Forester, 1999； Healey, 1997； Sandercock, 1998). This is certainly true of Israels planning system as will be presented at length in this article, as well as of planning systems in many other Western democracies. In fact, the exclusion of individuals
15、from planning processes which affect them has been a dominant theme running through modern planning thought. The issue was already raised in the Athens Charter (Le Corbusier, 1941/1973), a seminal manifesto on modern planning and architectural thought, which stated that “The ruthless violence of pri
16、vate interest provokes a disastrous upset between the thrust of economic forces and the powerlessness of social solidarity” (Principle 73). Therefore, the charter concludes, “private interest will be subordinate to the collective interest” (Principle 95). Similarly, modern urban and district plannin
17、g is primarily concerned with protecting the public from wild private interests. While this priority is crucial for the justication of state intervention in land and property markets, in Israel it has a double impact. As it has been argued before, the Israeli planning doctrine was shaped in its initial phase by an ideology of giving priority to the collective over the individual (Shachar,1998). Thus, substantial planning decisions were shaped by national objectives such as population dispersal rather than economic utility and social justice. For
