1、PDF外文：http:/ 中文8285字本科毕业设计 外文文献 及 译文 文献、资料题目： Changing roles of the clients Architects and contractors Through BIM 文献、资料来源： Engineeri
2、ng, Construction, Archi- tectual Management 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 2010.2 院 （部）： 管理 工程学院 专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2012.6.3 山东建筑大学毕业设计 外文文献及译文 - 1
3、 - 外文 文献 ： Changing roles of the clients,architects and contractors through BIM Rizal Sebastian TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands Abstract Purpose This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) base
4、d on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakehol
5、ders, and long-term development processes. Design/methodology/approach Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Through several real cases, the changing roles of clients, architects
6、, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. Findings One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coord
7、ination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R). Furthermore, it is also found that the implementation of BIM in hospital building projects is still limited due to certain commercial and legal barriers, as well as the fact that integrated collaboration has not yet bee
8、n embedded in the real estate strategies of healthcare institutions. Originality/value This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT framewo
9、rks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application in hospital building projects. Keywords Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planning Paper type General review &nb
10、sp;山东建筑大学毕业设计 外文文献及译文 - 2 - 1. Introduction Hospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, sp
11、ecial equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local govern
12、ments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological
13、developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008. The
14、 rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establ
15、ishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still faces serious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility, end-users dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordination b
16、etween the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different set of skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, int
17、erpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team mem
18、bers. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored (Dawood and Sikka, 2008). There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite for
