1、Xx 本科毕业设计 (论文 ) 外文翻译 1 外文原文 2 Civil engineering introduction papers Abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along
2、 with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering
3、, making it more perfect. Key words: civil engineering； Architecture； Mechanics； Materials Civil engineering is building various projects collectively. It was meant to be and military project corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering,
4、chemical Engineering belong to Engineering, because they all have Min Yong Xing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English
5、, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port engineering, while in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, unde
6、rground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology. Civil engineering is a kind of with peoples food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation
7、 of the project. Among them with live relationship is directly. Because, to solve the live problem， must build various types of buildings. To solve the line, food and clothes problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. Line, must build railways, roads, Bridges, Feed, must be well drilling wa
8、ter, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting Xx 本科毕业设计 (论文 ) 外文翻译 2 scientif
9、ic research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities. Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural e
10、ngineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. 1 Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attri
11、butes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of peoples life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formati
12、on of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses. Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places. Houses
13、will be like a man, its like a mans life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a persons bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer
14、 is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnais
15、sance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process. After all, but ， is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanic
16、al problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component
17、in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect Xx 本科毕业设计 (论文 ) 外文翻译 3 and de
18、formation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working condit
19、ions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation. Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In
20、 ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks and trees. The 4th century BC, 12 has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and Sheltie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later
21、reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely applicati
22、on. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted mater
23、ials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact. In construction process, building const
24、ruction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through construction mean
25、s. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need acco
26、rding to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site. whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil
