1、项目将产生约 1200 万 m 的工程垃圾。本文将分析由地铁建设带来的问题，主要是开挖废料 Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestions for remediation 伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议 Ibrahim Ocak Abstract： Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. Thes
2、e problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, trafc jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difculties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excavation,since other listed difculties result fro
3、m it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is nished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length
4、； over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problemsprimarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation
5、are offered. 摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。这些问题可 归类为开挖肥料的运输和储存、交通堵塞、噪音污染、震动、成堆的灰尘和泥浆以及物资不 足 。 虽然这些问题引起很多困难，对于一个像伊斯坦布尔这样的城市，最亟待解决的问题是 开挖的问题，因为其他一系列问题都是由此引起的。此外，这些问题受环境和地域限制并具 有周期性，他们随工程项目开始和结束而出现和消失。最近，伊斯坦布尔有 9 条地铁项目在 施工，总长约有 73km，另外，将有超过 200km 的地铁线会在不久的将来动工。正在施工的 3 的问题，并对补救办法提出建议。 Keywords: Envir
6、onmental problems .Subway excavation . Waste management . Excavation waste 关键词：环境问题 地铁开挖 废物处理 开挖废料 I. Ocak Rail Transport Construction Department, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, IETT General Directorate, Karakoy-Istanbul, Turkey I. Ocak (邮件 ) Mining Engineering Department, Istanbul University,
7、Avclar-Istanbul, Turkey e-mail: iocakiett.gov.tr Introduction Nowadays, cities are spreading over larger areas with increasing demand on extending transport facilities. Thus,all over the world, especially in cities where the population exceeds 300,000400,000 people, railway-based means of transporta
8、tion is being accepted as the ultimate solution.Therefore, large investments in subway and light rail construction are required. The construction of stated systems requires surface excavations, cut and cover tunnel excavations, bored tunnel excavations, redirection of infrastructures and tunnel cons
9、truction projects. These elements disturb the environment and affect everyday life of citizens in terms of running water, natural gas, sewer systems and telephone lines. 简介：现如今，城市的大面积扩张要求交通设施快速增长。因此，全世界，特别是在人 口超过 30 万 -40 万的城市，轨道交通逐渐被认为是最终的解决办法。正因如此，地铁和轻 轨上的大规模投资是必 然的。整个轨道交通系统的建设包括地表建设、明挖隧道开挖、钻孔 隧道开
10、挖、地下建筑的改造和隧道建设项目。这些都会影响周围的环境并在自来水、天然气、 排污和电话线等方面影响市民的日常生活。 One reason why metro excavations affect the environment is the huge amount of excavated material produced.Moreover, a large amount of this excavated material is composed of muddy and bentonite material. Storing excavated material then become
11、s crucial. A considerable amount of pressure has been placed on ofcials to store and recycle any kind of excavated material. Waste management has become a branch of study by itself. Many studies have been carried out on the destruction, recycling and storing of solid, (Vlachos 1975； Huang et al. 200
12、1； Winkler 2005；Huang et al. 2006； Khan et al. 1987； Boadi and Kuitunen 2003； Staudt and Schroll 1999； Wang 2001； Okuda and Thomson 2007； Yang and Innes 2007), organic (Edwards et al. 1998, Jackson 2006； Debra et al. 1991； Akhtar and Mahmood 1996； Bruun et al. 2006； Minh et al. 2006),plastic (Idris
13、et al. 2004； Karani and Stan Jewasikiewitz 2007； Ali et al. 2004； Nishino et al. 2003； Vas ile et al.2006； Kato et al. 2003； Kasakura et al. 1999； Hayashi et al. 2000), toxic (Rodgers et al. 1996； Bell and Wilson 1988； Chen et al. 1997； Sullivan and Yelton 1988), oily (Ahumada et al. 2004； Al-Masri
14、and Suman 2003), farming(Garnier et al. 1998； Mohanty 2001) and radioactive materials (Rocco and Zucchetti 1997； Walker et al. 2001；Adamov et al. 1992； Krinitsyn et al. 2003). 地铁建设影响环境的一个原因是开挖产生的大量垃圾，而且大部分开挖垃圾都是泥土。 工程垃圾的处理是关键，负责储存和回收利用这些工程废料的人员承受着非常大的压力，废 物处理也因此成为一个单独的研究分支。关于这些垃圾的销毁、回收利用和储存的研究已经 开展了
15、很多：泥土（ Vlachos 1975； Huang et al. 2001； Winkler 2005；Huang et al. 2006； Khan et al. 1987； Boadi and Kuitunen 2003； Staudt and Schroll 1999； Wang 2001； Okuda and Thomson 2007； Yang and Innes 2007）、有机物（ Edwards et al. 1998, Jackson 2006； Debra et al. 1991； Akhtar and Mahmood 1996； Bruun et al. 2006； M
16、inh et al. 2006）、塑料（ Idris et al. 2004； Karani and Stan Jewasikiewitz 2007； Ali et al. 2004； Nishino et al. 2003； Vasile et al.2006； Kato et al. 2003； Kasakura et al. 1999； Hayashi et al. 2000）、油脂（ Ahumada et al. 2004； Al-Masri and Suman 2003）、耕地（ Garnier et al. 1998； Mohanty 2001）、放射性物质（ Rocco and
17、Zucchetti 1997； Walker et al. 2001；Adamov et al. 1992； Krinitsyn et al. 2003）。 Today, traditional materials, including sand, stone, gravel, cement, brick and tiles are being used as major building components in the construction sector. All of these materials have been produced from existing natural
18、resources and may have intrinsic distinctions that damage the environment due to their continuous exploitation. In addition, the cost of construction materials is incrementally increasing. In Turkey, the prices of construction materials have increased over the last few years (Fig. 1). Therefore,it is very important to use excavation and demolition wastes (DW) in construction operations to limit the environmental impact and excessive increase of raw material prices. Recycling ratios for excavation waste (EW) and DW of some countries are in
