1、PDF外文：http:/ 附录一 外文文献 附录一外文文献 ViewpointImprovements andintegration of a public transport system the caseof Singapore Muhammad Faishal Ib
2、rahim* This paper illustrates the initiatives undertaken in Singapore to improve and enhance the publictransport system. Being a small city-state, with limited land supply, encouraging the use of publictransport and restraining car ownership and usage seems to be an obvious choice in managing
3、thecity 一 state's transport problems. Policy covers not only improvements of the public modes but alsoenhancement of all intermediate and end-point facilities, such as linkways, customer service andservice information. In addition, policy makers are also moving towards various aspects of integra
4、tion in the pursuit of achieving seamless travel via the public transport system. Keywords: public policy, information technology, planning Introduction There has been a dramatic growth intravel over the past two decades. Forinstance, in Great Britain, the aggregatedistance travelled has incr
5、eased by 450l0over a period of about 25 years(Department of Transport, LocalGovernment and the Regions, 2001)Mackett (1994) suggests three mainreasons for this, including increasingcar use, changing trip patterns and dis-persal of urban activitie
6、s. However, thetrend ofincreasing travel demand,particularly by motor vehicle use, isincreasingly becoming an alarmingthreat to the global environment (Roseand Ampt, 2001), and Gardiner (1991) mentions that transport is the cause ofmany of the worst sustainability threats. Awareness of sustainable d
7、evelopment has become significant since thereport of Club of Rome. This awareness surged in the late 1980s and1990s, with more publications relatingto environmental policy, such as theBrundtland Report in 1987, the RioDeclaration on Environment and Development in 1992 and the UnitedNations Fra
8、mework Convention on Climate Change in 1994 (Button et al1996) and the Kyoto Meeting in 1997In recent years, sustainable development has been amongst the top agendaitems of governments, as well asresearchers, across the globe (forexample, Mackett, 1994； Quinn, 199
9、4；Barren, 1995； Jorgensen, 1995； Cheungand Hoen, 1996； Newman, 1996； Spaethling, 1996； Gurney et al, 1998) The heightening of awareness of sustamable development and environmental pollution issues has resulted in atrend towards planned and integratedland use and 中南大学毕业论文（设计） &nbs
10、p; 附录一 外文文献 transport development,with land use policies being geared to influencing the location of developmenu, situating future developments
11、close to centres of population andnodes of transportation, increasing the density of developments and encouraging a mix of land use. Equally, policies should consider a large scale and long term investment in public transport which attempts to provide a wider choice of modes, as well as a comfortabl
12、e, convenient, reliable, and attractive alternative to the private car. This involves the provision of an equitable environment that provides accessible and good quality facilities for all sectors of the population. Concomitantly,the use of the car should also be regulated, as it emits a high amount
13、 of carbon dioxide and consumes greater energy per person than other modes of transport. Therefore, over the years,many governments are beginning toturn towards greater planning intervention in land use and transport planning. As the above developments gather pace, it is envi
14、saged that commuters will have more choices,between better quality public transport modes, in terms of comfort, reliability,and flexibility. Over the last few years,many countries have also attempted to restrain the use of cars (Mackett, 1994) These policies existin countries such as France (H
15、arrison et al., 1998), Germany (FitzRoy and Smith, 1998), Britaro (Mackett, 1994； Harrison et al,1998), Netherlands (Ploeger and Baanders, 1995； Cheung and Hoen, 1996),Romania (Marshall and McLellan,1998), Australia (Black,1996), Asian countries (Shimazaki et al, 1994； Land Transport Aut
16、hority, 1996), Canada (Schimek, 1996) In the context of these developments, this paper attempts to illustrate a case study of Singapore in enhancing and integrating its public transport system.In addition, this paper will also touch briefly on the regulation of the use of the car in Singapore.
17、;Case study: Singapore Singapore is a small, densely-populated city-state with a total population of 4 million. It consists of the main island of Singapore and some 63 offshore islands. The main island has a land area of 648 km2 spreading about 42 km in length and 23 km
18、 in breath (refer to Figure)With limited land supply and an exploding transport demand, increasing the use of public transport is seen to be the way to solve future transport problems.Singapore recognizes the importanceofan effective land transport network-one that isintegrated, e
19、fficient and cost-effective, which will meet the people's needs and expectations, and supports economic and environmental goals.To achieve its objective, the Government has adopted a multi-pronged approach (Land Transport Authority, 1996), which involves: 1. Integration of land use and transport
20、planning to minimize the need to travel. 2. Expansion of the road network and maximizing its capacity. 3. Town and transport planning 4. Management of vehicle ownership and demand for road usage to alleviate traffic congestion 中南大学毕业论文（设计） &nbs
21、p; 附录一 外文文献 5. Improving the public transport system. The Land Transport Authority (LTA), a statutory board under the Ministry of Transport, spearheads all land transport developments in Singapore. It is r
22、esponsible for the planning,development and management of the land transport system. In attempting to achieve a "world class land transport system", it broadly aims to "provide a quality, integrated and efficient land transport system which meets the needs and expectations of Singapor
23、eans, supports economic and environmental goals, and provides value for money" (LTA, 1998). In working towards these goals, the LTA works closely with other government agencies to ensure that the transport systems are well planned and properly integrated with urban developments. Sin
24、gapore has been actively improving its integrated transportation policy All developments, be it a major new town or a shopping centre, have elements of transport and land use integration as early as at its planning stage. However, the issues of motor vehicle usage, ownership and public transport hav
25、e always been at the centre stage of every resident's concerns. Singapore's small size negates the thought of indefinite expansion of the road network and uncontrolled usage of the motor vehicle, thus justifying far more utilisation of public transport. Hence,while developing a system
26、to control the use and ownership of motor vehicles, the government has also always been attempting to improve the public transport systems to make them a more attractive alternative to the private car. The government aims to provide residents with a "wide spectrum" of int
27、egrated transport choices and a transport system that offers "high quality services, is convenient, accessible, comfortable, safe, speedy and affordable to the majority of Singaporeans" (LTA, 1996). According to the Ministry of Transport, the Singapore government takes "transport plan
28、ning seriously and takes preventive steps as far as possible before the problems become unmanageable". The result of the transport policy is not perfect, "but relative to other cities, we have more successfully achieved effective and efficient mobility for our people" (Khaw, 200
29、2) As a result of forces manifested as globalization, people now have different time-distance perceptions, and new patterns of recreation and leisure have emerged. The implication for LTA is that it now has to contend with a highly sophisticated population with greater demands than
30、 before. As proposed in Concept Plan 2001, LTA will be developing the Road and Rapid Transit system Master Plans to cater to the transport needs of the increased population of 2045. lts objective is to develop an integrated land and transport infrastructure, where people can commute seamlessly from one place to another. Therefore, this paper attempts to discuss the relentless effort of the Singapore Government in improving and integrating its public transport system, as well as its regulation of the use of the car.
