1、 本科毕业设计 中 英文翻译 专业名称 ： 土木工程 年级班级： XXX 学生姓名： XXX 指导教师： XXX 土木 工程学院 二 一 二 年六月 一 日本 科毕业设计 英文文献 1 Design of arch bridges and the bridge crack produced the reason to simply analyse This chapter considers the full range of arch bridge types and a range of materials presenting several case studies and descr
2、ibing the design decisions that were made. A general treatment of the analysis of arches is presented, including the derivation of the basic equations that can be used to undertake hand calculations which may beused to validate computer analysis output. Detailed arch bridge design is outside thescop
3、e of this chapter so only general issues are discussed. Most of the chapter is devoted to masonry arch bridges. Masonry arch bridge construction is discussed in its historical context and the importance for engineers to take a holistic approach to bridge assessment and design is emphasized. There is
4、 a significant section on bridge assessment which includes guidance in the application of current and emerging assessment methods. This is underpinned with background information regarding the material properties of masonry. The chapter concludes with a treatment of repair and maintenance strategies
5、 including a comprehensive table which considers common remedial and strengthening measures. The origins of the use of arches as a structural form in buildings can be traced back to antiquity (Van Beek, 1987). In trying to arrive at a suitable definition for an arch we may look no further than Hooke
6、s anagram of 1675 which stated Ut pendet continuum flexile, sic stabat continuum rigidum inversum as hangs the flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch. This suggests that any given loading to a flexible cable if frozen and inverted will provide a purely compressive structure in equi
7、librium with the applied load. Clearly, any slight variation in the loading will result in a moment being induced in the arch. It is arriving at appropriate proportions of arch thickness to accommodate the range of eccentricities of the thrust line that is the challenge to the bridge engineer. Even
8、in the Middle Ages it was appreciated that masonry arches behaved essentially as gravity structures, for which geometry and proportion dictated aesthetic appeal and stability. Compressive strength could be relied upon whilst tensile strength could not. Based upon experience, many empirical relations
9、hips between the span and arch thickness were developed and applied successfully to produce many elegant structures throughout Europe. 本 科毕业设计 英文文献 2 The expansion of the railway and canal systems led to an explosion of bridge building. Brickwork arches became increasingly popular. With the construc
10、tion of the Coalbrookdale Bridge (1780) a new era of arch bridge construction began. By the end of the nineteenth century cast iron, wrought iron and finally steel became increasingly popular； only to be challenged by ferro cement (reinforced concrete) at the turn of the century. During the nineteen
11、th century analytical technique developed apace. In particular, Castigliano (1879) developed strain energy theorems which could be applied to arches provided they remained elastic. This condition could be satisfied provided the line of thrust lay within the middle third, thus ensuring that no tensil
12、e stresses were induced. The requirement to avoid tensile stresses only applied to masonry and cast iron； it did not apply to steel or reinforced concrete (or timber for that matter) as these materials were capable of resisting tensile stresses. Twentieth century arch bridges have become increasingl
13、y sophisticated structures combining modern materials to create exciting functional urban sculptures. Types of arch bridge The relevant terms that are used to describe the various parts of an arch bridge are shown in Figure 1. Arches may be grouped according to the following parameters: 1. the materials of construction 2. the structural articulation 3. the shape of the arch Historically, arch bridges are associated with stone masonry. This gave way to brickwork in the nineteenth century. Because these were proportioned to minimise the possibility of
