1、 学号 24072200001 南湖学院 机械与电子工程系 2011 届毕业设计 外文文献翻译 文献名称： ARM microprocessor ARM 微处理器 学生姓名： 曹诗章 指导教师： 邓己媛 完成时间： 2011年 5月 5日 1 The introduction and development of microprocessor 1.1 The history of the Microprocessor The first microprocessor was originally developed for a calculator, and revolutionary for
2、 its time, it contained 2,300 transistors on a 4-bit microprocessor that could perform only 60,000 operations per second. The first 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8008, developed in 1972 to run computer terminals. The Intel 8008 contained 3,300 transistors. The first truly general-purpose microp
3、rocessor, developed in 1974, was the 8-bit Intel 8080 (see Microprocessor, 8080), which contained 4,500 transistors and could execute 200,000 instructions per second. Modern Microprocessors have much greater capacity and speed. They include the Intel Pentium Pro, containing 5.5 million transistors.
4、1.2 The future Technology of the Microprocessor The technology of microprocessors and integrated-circuit is developing rapidly. Currently, the most sophisticated microprocessors contain about ten million transistors. By the year 2000, advanced microprocessors are expected to contain more than 50 mil
5、lion transistors, and about 800 million by 2010. Lithographic techniques will also require improvements. By the year 2000, minimum element size is less than 0.2 micros. At these dimensions, even short-wave-length ultraviolet light may not reach the necessary resolution. Alternative possibilities inc
6、lude using very narrow beams of electrons and ions or replacing optical lithography with lithography that uses X rays of extremely short wavelength. Using these technologies, clock speeds could increase to more than 1,000 MHz by 2010. It is expected that the limiting factor in microprocessor perform
7、ance will be the behavior of the electrons themselves as they are propelled through the transistors. At extremely small dimensions, quantum effects due to the wavelike nature of electrons could dominate the behavior of transistors and circuits. New devices and circuit designs may be necessary as mic
8、roprocessors approach atomic dimensions. Techniques including molecular-beam epitaxy, in which semiconductors are layered one atom at a time in an ultra-high-vacuum chamber, and scanning tunneling microscopy, whereby single atoms can be viewed and even moved with atomic precision, may be the tools n
9、eeded to produce future generations of microprocessors. 1.3 The introduction of the Microprocessor The microprocessor is one type of ultra-large-scale integrated circuit. Integrated circuits, also known as microchips or chips, are complex electronic circuits consisting of extremely tiny components f
10、ormed on a single, thin, flat piece of material known as a semiconductor. Modern microprocessors incorporate as many as ten million transistors (which act as electronic amplifiers, oscillators, or, most commonly, switches), in addition to other components such as resistors, diodes, capacitors, and w
11、ires, all packed into an area about the size of a postage stamp. A microprocessor consists of several different sections: the arithmetic/logic unit （ ALU）performs calculations on numbers and makes logical decisions； the registers are special memory locations for storing temporary information much as
12、 a scratch pad does； the control unit deciphers programs； bused carry digital information throughout the chip and computer； and local memory supports on-chip computation. More complex microprocessors often contain other sections-such as sections of specialized memory, called cache memory ,to spend u
13、p access external data-storage devices. Modern microprocessors operate with bus widths of 64 bits （ binary digits, or units of information represented as 1s and 0s） ,meaning that 64 bits of data can be transferred at the same time. A crystal oscillator in the computer provides a clock signal to coor
14、dinate all activities of the microprocessor. The clock speed of the most advanced microprocessors is about 300 megahertz (MHz) about 300 million cycles per second allowing about a billion computer instructions to be executed every second. Microprocessors functions is the central processing unit of a
15、 computer, providing computational control. Microprocessors are also used in other advanced electronic systems, such as computer printers, automobiles, and jetairlines. 1.4 Microcontroller A microprocessor is not a complete computer. It does not contain large amounts of memory or have the ability to
16、 communicate with input devices-such as keyboards, joy-sticks, and mice-or with output devices, such as monitors and printers. A different kind of integrated circuit, a microcontroller, is a complete computer on a chip, containing all of the elements of the basic microprocessor along with other specialized functions. Microcontrollers are used in video games, videocassette recorders (VCRs), automobiles, and other machines.
