1、 济南大学毕业论文 外文资料翻译 - 1 - Institute of Develompment Studies, 1999, 12(2): 1-8. A Commodity Chains of Framework for Analyzing Global Industries Gary Gereffi Duke University Abstrast : In this paper, we fouce on the producer-driven and buyer-driven global commodity chains, which is under the development
2、of industrial and commercial capital. And then analyze their features and the relationship with development strategies. Keywords: Globalization； Commodity Chains； development strategies Background In global capitalism, economic activity is not only international in scope, it is also global in organi
3、zation. Internationalization refers to the geographic spread of economic activities across national boundaries. As such, it is not a new phenomenon. Indeed, it has been a prominent feature of the world economy since at least the seventeenth century when colonial empires began to carve up the globe i
4、n search of raw materials and new markets for their manufactured exports. Globalization is much more recent than internationalization because it implies functional integration between internationally dispersed activities (Dicken, 1998: 5). Types of globalization Industrial and commercial capital hav
5、e promoted globalization by establishing two distinct types of international economic networks, which can be called producer-driven and buyer-driven global commodity chains, respectively (Gereffi, 1994； 1999). A commodity chain refers to the whole range of activities involved in the design, producti
6、on, and marketing of a product (see Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, 1994 for an overview of this framework). Producer-driven commodity chains are those in which large, usually transnational, manufacturers play the central roles in coordinating production networks (including their backward and forward link
7、ages). This is characteristic of capital- and technology-intensive industries such as automobiles, aircraft, computers, semiconductors, and heavy machinery. The automobile industry offers a classic illustration of a producer-driven chain, with multilayered production systems that involve thousands o
8、f firms (including parents, subsidiaries, and subcontractors). In the 1980s, the average 济南大学毕业论文 外文资料翻译 - 2 - Japanese automakers production system, for example, contained 170 first-tier, 4,700 second-tier, and 31,600 third-tier subcontractors (Hill 1989: 466). Florida and Kenney (1991) found that
9、Japanese automobile manufacturers actually reconstituted many aspects of their home-country supplier networks in North America. Doner (1991) extended this framework to highlight the complex forces that drive Japanese automakers to create regional production schemes for the supply of auto parts in a
10、half-dozen nations in East and Southeast Asia. Henderson (1989) and Borrus (1997) also support the notion that producer-driven commodity chains have established an East Asian division of labor in their studies of the internationalization of the U.S. and Japanese semiconductor industries. Buyer-drive
11、n commodity chains refer to those industries in which large retailers, marketers, and branded manufacturers play the pivotal roles in setting up decentralized production networks in a variety of exporting countries, typically located in the third world. This pattern of trade-led industrialization ha
12、s become common in labor-intensive, consumer goods industries such as garments, footwear, toys, housewares, consumer electronics, and a variety of handicrafts. Production is generally carried out by tiered networks of third world contractors that make finished goods for foreign buyers. The specifica
13、tions are supplied by the large retailers or marketers that order the goods. Features One of the main characteristics of the firms that fit the buyer-driven model, including retailers like Wal-Mart, Sears Roebuck, and J.C. Penney, athletic footwear companies like Nike and Reebok, and fashion-oriente
14、d apparel companies like Liz Claiborne and The Limited, is that these companies design and/or market but do not make the branded products they order. They are part of a new breed of manufacturers without factoriesthat separate the physical production of goods from the design and marketing stages of
15、the production process. Profits in buyer-driven chains derive not from scale, volume, and technological advances as in producer-driven chains, but rather from unique combinations of high-value research, design, sales, marketing, and financial services that allow the retailers, designers, and markete
16、rs to act as strategic brokers in linking overseas factories and traders with evolving product niches in their main consumer markets (Gereffi, 1994). Profitability is greatest in the relatively concentrated segments of global commodity chains characterized by high barriers to the entry of new firms.
17、 In producer-driven chains, manufacturers making advanced products like aircraft, automobiles, and computers are the key economic agents not only in terms of their earnings, but also in their ability to exert 济南大学毕业论文 外文资料翻译 - 3 - control over backward linkages with raw material and component suppli
18、ers, and forward linkages into distribution and retailing. The lead firms in producer-driven chains usually belong to global oligopolies. Buyer-driven commodity chains, by contrast, are characterized by highly competitive and globally decentralized factory systems. The companies that develop and sel
19、l brand-named products exert substantial control over how, when, and where manufacturing will take place, and how much profit accrues at each stage of the chain. Thus, whereas producer-driven commodity chains are controlled by large manufacturers at the point of production, the main leverage in buye
20、r-driven industries is exercised by retailers and marketers at the distribution and retail end of the chain. The main features of producer-driven and buyer-driven commodity chains are highlighted in Table 1. Producer-driven and buyer-driven chains are rooted in distinct industrial sectors, they are
21、led by different types of transnational capital (industrial and commercial, respectively), and they vary in their core competencies (at the firm level) and their entry barriers (at the sectoral level). The finished goods in producer-driven chains tend to be supplied by core country transnationals, w
22、hile the goods in buyer-driven chains are generally made by locally owned firms in developing countries. Whereas transnational corporations establish investment-based vertical networks, the retailers, designers, and trading companies in buyer-driven chains set up and coordinate trade-based horizonta
23、l networks. Global Commodity Chains Producter-Driven Commodity Chain Buyer-Driven Commodity Chain Drivers of Global commodity Industrial Capital Commercial Capital Core Competencies Research & Development； Production Design； Marketing Barriiers to Entry Economies of Scale Economies of Scope Economic
24、s Sectors Consumer Durables ；Intermediate Goods ；Capital Goods Consumer Nondurables Typical Industries Automobiles； Computers； Aircraft Apparel； Footwear； Toys Ownship of Manufacturing Firms Transnational Firms Local Firms, predominantly in developing countries Main Network Links Investment-based Trade-based Predominant Network Stucture Vertical Horizontal Main Characteristics of Producer-Driven and Buyer-Driven
