1、 Equitable Allocation of Congestion Relief Cost to Transactions 公平分配阻塞成本交易 Mesut E. Baran, Venkat Banunarayanan, and Kenneth E. Garren AbstractThis paper investigates a bid based congestion management scheme for a system that accommodates many bilateral transactions. The paper proposes a new allocat
2、ion method for allocating the cost of congestion relief to transactions that cause the congestion. The allocation reflects the actual usage of the congested facilities by the transactions and recovers the cost. Also proposed in the paper is a consistency test to quantify and test the equity/fairness
3、 of the method. Test results illustrate that the method provides better price signals for relieving congestion on lines than the shadow prices. The test results also indicate that the method recovers the cost. The results on consistency indicate that the proposed method is consistent provided that t
4、he transactions causing counter-flows on congested lines be compensated-Index Termscongestion management, cost allocation, transmission access. 摘要 -这篇论文研究投标拥塞管理方案的系统，可容纳许多双边交易。提出了一种新的分配方法分配成本的拥塞以缓解交易造成的拥塞。该分配反映了拥挤的交易设施的实际使用情况和恢复的成本。本文提出的是一个“一致性”测试量化和测试公平 /公正的方法。试验结果表明，该方法提供了更好的价格信号的挤塞线比影子价格。试验结果还表明，
5、该方法恢复的成本。结果的一致性表明，所提出的方法一致的规定，交易造成反流 拥挤线补偿指数条款 -拥塞管理，成本分配，传输接入。 I. I NTRODUCTION I. 引言 CONGESTION in a transmission grid occurs due to an operating condition that causes limit violations on one or more of the flow-gates in the system 1. Congestion has become more important in the emerging deregulate
6、d environment as the number and magnitude of power transactions increase.The importance of congestion relief as a transmission service is recognized by both the regulating bodies, especially by FERC2, and by utilities and NERC 3.Congestion management is especially challenging in a bilateral transact
7、ion environment, in which individual parties transact power among themselves 5. In United States, NERC6 proposed the reservation of necessary capacity over theflow-path of a transaction for congestion management. This approach tries to avoid congestion in advance, and if congestion occurs during ope
8、ration, then the transacting parties are asked to curtail their transactions. The approach is quite conservative in that it leads to inefficient use of the system 1. In 79,nodal/zonal price based approaches with zero-revenue are proposed to address some of the challenges. In price based congestion m
9、anagement, the Independent System Operator(ISO) takes an active role in managing the congestion by re-dispatching the resources based on bids received from the market participants. Recently, Scandinavia 4 and California 10 adopted such price based approaches.One of the important issues in congestion
10、 management is the allocation of the congestion cost/revenue to the market participants. In nodal/zonal pricing based congestion management schemes, the congestion generates a revenue. This revenue can be distributed back to the transmission users (as in Norway), or (as in California) it can be paid
11、-off to the holders of financial instruments called transmission congestion contracts. The practicality of this allocation scheme in a tightly interconnected system facilitating many bilateral transactions is questionable 1, 5, 9. In United States, FERC requests that the cost of relieving congestion
12、 be allocated in an equitablemanner among all the market participants. The challenge here,is the equity i.e., the distribution of the congestion relief cost in proportion to the degree of involvement by each market entity in the congestion. This issue has not received much attention yet in the liter
13、ature. In 9 such a usage based method is investigated. The method is a two step process in which the total congestion cost is first allocated to the congested facilities and then to the transactions that use these facilities. This paper adopts a similar allocation approach. 由于经营条件，拥塞在输电网发生，导致限制行为的一个
14、或多个“流量门”的系统 1。在新兴市场环境下随着电力交易的数量和规模的增加，拥塞问题已经变得越来越重要。作为一种传 输服务拥塞缓解的重要性同时被规管机制意思到，尤其是联邦能源管制委员会 2，公用事业和自然环境研究理事会 3。在双边交易环境下，其中个别交易双方相互间 5的阻塞管理是特别具有挑战性。在美国，自然环境研究理事会 6提出一种保留必要能力的“流道”交易阻塞管理方案。这种方法试图提前避免阻塞，如果在操作过程中发生阻塞，那么交易各方将被要求削减其交易。该方法相当的保守，将导致系统 1的低效利用。在 7-9中，提出了一种以节点 /纬向价格与零收入为基础的方法用来解决上述的一些挑战。基于价格的拥
15、塞管理，独立 系统运营商在需要重新调度从市场参与者收到的投标为基础的资源管理拥塞中发挥积极作用。最近，斯堪的纳维亚半岛 4和加利福尼亚州 10采用以这种价格为基础的方法。市场参与者的拥堵成本 /收入的分配是拥塞管理的重要问题之一。在节点 /纬向定价的拥塞管理方案中，拥塞产生收入。这项收入可分布到传输的用户（如挪威），或（如加州），它可以支付一次性称为传输拥挤合同的金融工具的持有人。这个分配方案在紧密互联，促进多双边交易系统的实用性，是值得怀疑的 1， 5， 9。在美国，联邦能源管制委员会请求，疏导成本在所有市场参与 者之间的“公平”的方式分配。这里的挑战，是“公平”，即拥塞在每个市场主体参与程
16、度的比例，以纾缓交通挤塞的成本分布。在很多文献中这个问题一直没有受到重视。在 9就是基于研究“使用”的一种方法。这种方法分两个步骤，总阻塞成本先分配给拥挤的设施，然后使用这些设施的交易。本文采用了类似的分配方法。 In this paper, a new allocation method is proposed for a bid based congestion management system in a bilateral transaction environment. The new method, outlined in the next section, reflects th
17、e actual usage of the congested facility by the transactions and recovers the cost. Cost recovery eliminates financial stakes for the ISO in congestion management. In Section III,the method is analyzed from the equity/fairness point of view by using a consistency test which has been developed based
18、on the equitable allocation concept used in a variety of allocation problems in economics. Equitable allocation is important in order to get cooperation among market players and also to send the market correct price signals for the congestion and thus provide efficiency. Section IV outlines the test
19、s conducted to illustrate the main features of the proposed method. Conclusions are given in Section V. 在本文中，提出了一种在双边交易模式下基于投标的拥塞管理系统的新的分配方法。新方法，概述在下一节中，反映了实际使用的拥挤的交易成本和恢复。成本回收，消除了拥塞管理的独立系统运营商的金融股权。在第三部分，分析的方法从公平 /公正的角度使用“一致性”的测试，已经制定了基于公平分配的概念，用于各种分配问题的经济学。公平分配是重要的，以便获得之间的合作，市场参与者也发送正确的”市场价格信号”为拥塞，
20、从而提供效率。第四节概括说明了该方法的进行测试的主要特点，结论五给出了结论 。 II. CONGESTION MANAGEMENT II. 拥塞管理 The congestion management scheme considered in this paper is specially tailored for a bilateral transaction environment. We assume that the ISO receives all the transaction requests in advance of an hour/day and makes a conge
21、stion assessment study for the given conditions. If the analysis indicates some congestion conditions, then these conditions are announced to the market participants and the parties are asked to submit bids for re-dispatch for congestion relief. Based on the bids received, the ISO determines the most economical re-dispatch of the bid resources (with tools such as OPF or transmission constrained economic dispatch, TCED). If a feasible dispatch is found, then,in order to
