1、 东北大学软件学院 毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料 （原文与译文） 外文 题目： Health care system 中文题目： 卫生保健系统 作 者： Ralph Kimball 专 业： 软件工程 班 级： 软件 班 学 号： 姓 名： 2011 年 6 月 10 日 第 1 页 共 26 页 Health care system Nowadays, the health care systems which are provided by nations have improved their residents health remarkably. Take the USA for e
2、xample, the life expectancy at birth has raised to 80 years old, while the infant mortality has declined to 7. In other countries of the world, the similar situation also exists widely. Since the health care systems are playing more and more important roles in national health, people often pay much
3、attention to which systems are better and whether the current systems can be improved. However, the aspects of these systems that vary widely between nations (such as how they are funded, the mode which services are delivered, percentage of GDP spent on health care, the personal living habits and so
4、 on) are so many that it is hard for us to determine which system is better. Actually, it is impossible and not necessary for us to use the data about all the aspects, thus our tasks are to choose and combine some metrics to evaluate a health care system with sufficient reasons. Then the evaluation
5、method is used between the USA and another country to check up whether it is available. Using the evaluation method, we can gain that the effectiveness between different health care systems is different, which means there is still a long way for nations to improve their health care systems. Based on
6、 the fact that any measures that a nation takes can affect the effectiveness of the health care systems evidently, if we want to get much better effective health care systems, some useful measures are absolutely necessary. Part I: Choosing and combining metrics 1.1 Choosing metrics As we all know, a
7、spects of health care systems vary widely between nations, all of which can reflect the effectiveness of health care systems to a certain extent. However, according to the World Health Statistics given by the WHO, the number of metrics is more than 70, it is nearly impossible for us to evaluate a he
8、alth care system using all of the metrics. To simplify the evaluation, we have chosen some important metrics, which can affect the effectiveness of health care systems more remarkably. Generally, a health care system can be evaluated from the following six aspects: 1) Mortality 2) Morbidity 3) Cover
9、age 4) Health systems resource 5) Health systems expenditure 6) Inequity In allusion to each aspect, there are some representative metrics. 1.1.1 The reason for the choice of mortality 第 2 页 共 26 页 Refer to the world health statistics given by the WHO, mortality should include life expectancy, healt
10、hy life expectancy, infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, cause-specific mortality rate and so on. Out of question, the life expectancy should be the most important metrics, for all the health care systems aim to extend it as long as possible. Besides, generally s
11、peaking, infants and pregnant women often have the weakest vitality, thus infant mortality rate； neonatal mortality rate and maternal mortality rate can be chosen to infect the effectiveness of a certain system. However, another important function of a health care system is the cure for some typical
12、 epidemic diseases, hence the mortality rate of typical epidemic sufferer should also be in our consideration. In conclusion, the chosen metrics of mortality are: 1) Life expectancy 2) Infant mortality rate 3) Neonatal mortality rate 4) Maternal mortality rate 5) Mortality rate of typical epidemic s
13、ufferer 1.1.2 The reason for the choice of morbidity For a health care system, its function is not only the cure for diseases but also preventing them. Concretely, the effectiveness of prevention can be represented by morbidity of typical epidemic diseases. 1.1.3 The reason for the choice of coverag
14、e It is a truth that each person should has the equal right to enjoy the health care system, which is the aim pursued by a country at the same time. But in fact, its really a long way to go to gain this ends for there are all kinds of impeditive factors. Consequently, we need to determine the covera
15、ge of some medical treatments such as: 1) Immunization coverage 2) Antenatal care coverage 3) Contraceptive prevalence rate 4) Proportion of the population without hospitalization insurance. 1.1.4 The reason for the choice of health systems resource In our opinions, the more resource a health care s
16、ystem has, the better effectiveness it will be, which means the health care systems resource is another important evaluate aspect. However, since populations of each country widely vary between nations, the per capita share of resources may represent the health system resource more reasonably. The corresponding metrics are: 1) Human resource of health systems as %of total population 2) Per capita material resources of health systems 1.1.5 The reason for the choice of health systems expenditure People typically come into direct contact with a health system as patients,
