1、FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT 食品工业 污水 处理 Abstract The purpose of the present study is to assess the condition of wastewaters pertaining to the production of cooking oil and to develop an effective and low-cost method for purification of wastewaters and utilisation of other oil production-relate
2、d wastes which would comply with environmental safety requirements. It was made a quality assessment in terms of content of polluting substances of cooking oil-production wastewater. For identification of fat content (phospholipids) of wastewaters, the thin-layer chromatography method was applied. T
3、he basis of the proposed method for purification of wastewaters was a preliminary separation of clarified and neutralized wastewater by dint of calcium carbonate, subsequently sodium hypochlorite for water clarification and its additional neutralization was used. The presented method allows reaching
4、 a high degree of wastewater purification, being effective and low-cost. 摘要 本研究的目的是评估 生产食用油 污水 的情况和制定一个有效的、低成本的净化方法 ，在遵守环保安全要求的情况下 利用其他含油污水和含油废弃物，旨在按照质量来评价烹调 产生的油类污水 。其中薄层色谱法应用于识别脂肪含量 (磷脂 )的污水。在该方法的基础上，对污水的净化是一个初步澄清分离 污水 中的碳酸钙，随后用次氯酸钠澄清水，再添加中和剂的过程。本文所提出的方法可以达到一个高度净化 污水 的目的，具有高效、低成本的特点。 Keywords: Coo
5、king oil production wastewater； phospholipids； thin-layer chromatography； wastewater purification； wastewater treatment 关键词 :食用油生产 污水 ；磷脂；薄层色谱法；污水净化；污水处理 One of the main tendencies of development of food industry in the 21st century is the creation of useful and healthy products, the so-called funct
6、ional food products. A specific feature of such products is that they contain ingredients which, besides their traditional nutrient and energys upplying function, also possess a range of specific physiological functions which help human organism to combat negative influence of civilisation. 创造这种有用的、
7、健康的叫做功能性食品 的产品在二十一世纪成为一种食品工业上的主要发展趋势。这种产品的特征是包含了某些材料，除了具有提供传统养分和能量的功能，还具有一系列独特的生理功能，有助于人体对抗负面影响。 Food industry is one of the most resource-demanding branches of industry, therefore it is especially important to ensure rational usage of raw materials. In the processing sub-branches of agricultural co
8、mplex where the net value of products is comprised of material and energy expenditures, it is increasingly crucial to decrease the consumption of materials. This can be achieved by dint of wide implementation of non-waste technologies, complex usage of raw materials and secondary(recycled) resources
9、 in combined industry. Another important aspect of the subject problem is ensuring of ecological safety of plants where the food products are produced as well as elimination of the influence of the wastes upon the environment. One of the most important problems which the food industry enterprises fa
10、ce is the problem of wastewater treatment. In Ukraine, food-producing enterprises are mostly located in the West and the South-West which have a rich network of water bodies. This means that control over discharge of sewage water is to be exercised more strictly than usual and food-producing compani
11、es in these regions are to be prevented from polluting the water reservoirs. 食品 企业 是对资源要求最高的产业结构之一 ， 因此确保原材料的合理使用显得尤为重要。农业加工行业的净价值由原材料和能量支出决定，而且越来越多的决定于原材料的消耗。这就可以实现无废物生产技术、反复使用的原材料技术和使用二次 (再生 )资源技术的联合工业。食品工厂在产品生产和去除环境中废物的过程中的主要问题的另一个重要方面是确保生态安全。其中一个最重要的问题是企业面临的食品工业 污水 处理的问题。在乌克兰 , 食品生产企业主要分布在有丰富水体网
12、络的西部和西南部。这意味着控制排放的污水要比平时更严格地执行来避免食品生产公司在这些 地区污染水库。 Ukraine is one of the five main world producers of sunflower. Yearly output of sunflower amounted to more than 4 million tonnes in this year. Only Argentine (6.4 m tonnes) produced more. 乌克兰是世界五个主要向日葵生产地之一。今年向日葵的年产量达 400万多吨。比阿根廷 (6.4万吨 )所产生的多得多。 In
13、the latest years, Ukrainian vegetable oil market has become increasingly more integrated into the global vegetable oil market. This is due to the fact that processes of international division of labour get deepened and Ukraine is becoming one of the worlds leading producers of sunflower seeds, sunfl
14、ower oil, and groats. 最近几年，乌克兰的植物油市场日益融入全球植物油市场。这是由于这样的事实，乌克兰在国际分工的过程中得到深化，已经成为世界领先的向日葵花种子、向日葵花油和燕麦的生产地。 Therefore, we are facing a crucially important task which foresees a more detailed examination of peculiarities of such valuable product as sunflower oil, bringing this production closer to the e
15、cologically clean technologies whilst minimising the wastes of production. 因此 ,我们正在面临着一个重要的任务 , 更详尽地预测如此有价值的向日葵花油的产品特性，促进清洁生产同时减少产生的废料。 Sunflower oil, alongside other vegetable oils, possesses a number of useful properties which make its consumption a lot more preferable than consumption of animal f
16、at. 向日葵花油与其他植物油一样，拥有许多有益的特性，比很多动物脂肪消耗的更多。 With the purpose of further study of ecological influence of production of the cooking oil, assessment of the condition of sewage water, we shall examine the technology of oil production. 我们进一步对生产食用油产生的生态影响的研究是为了评估污水情况 ,检查技术食用油的生产工艺。 Extraction method is app
17、lied owing to the solubility of fat in organic ether, hexane, and pentane. The fat which is produced in this manner must be cleansed of solvents and the fat is to be refined. 提取方法是 应用于溶解性脂肪如有机醚、环己烷和 戊烷 。这样产生的脂肪必须用溶剂清洗然后精炼浓缩。 The oil produced by way of pressing may be refined or not refined. But give
18、n the increased usage of chemicals in the agriculture and the deterioration of the environment, the raw materials as well as the oil may contain pesticides, toxic metals, mycotoxins, and carcinogenic benzopyrene. Because of this, scientists and specialists deem it that all kinds of oil must necessar
19、ily be subject to refinement whilst raw material is to be subject to sanitary and hygienic control, verifying the presence or absence of these substances. 通过压榨产生的油可能是精炼的，也有可能不是。 但是使 用化学物质会使农业和环境恶化， 原材料以及油中可能含有杀虫剂、有毒金属、毒素、致癌苯并芘。 因此， 科学家们和专家认为 这种油必须在安全和卫生的控制下精制提纯，核实不存在这些物质。 Oil refinement leads to ful
20、l or partial removal of harmful substances. Depending upon the depth of purification, the following types of oil are produced: 食用油的提纯导致全部或部分的有害物质的被去除。取决于纯化的深度，以下类型食用油被生产 : non-refined (cleaned from mechanical admixtures) hydrated (cleaned from phosphatides) refined non-deodorised (cleaned from phosp
21、hatides, free fat acids, colouring agents) refined deodorised (refined oil cleaned from aromatic and flavouring substances, pesticides and carcinogens). After the non-refined oil is separated from the raw material, it is to be filtered or left to settle, so that peelings, particles of seed coats, pu
22、lp etc can be removed. The non-refined oil possesses colour, flavour, and smell which are peculiar to its mother raw material as well as all the corresponding substances (including the biologically active ones) which are native to it. 未精炼的 (来自机械压榨 ) 水合物 (来自磷脂 ) 精炼有臭味的 (来自磷脂，游离脂肪酸、着色剂 ) 精炼无臭味的 (从香料和芳
23、香物质 ,从杀虫剂和致癌物质清洗出来的精炼油 )。 未精炼的油从原料分离后，是过滤或沉淀下来，以便种皮 ,胚、果肉等可以去掉。有臭味的油具有的颜色、气味、味道都是独一无二的 ,其原料以及所有类似的物质 (包括生物活性物 )都是土生土长的。 Most of Ukrainian oil-producing enterprises do not provide for purification of industrial wastewaters, dumping thousands of tonnes of polluting substances into the water bodies. Th
24、e purification facilities which exist in some places were constructed a long time ago and had been designed with regard to the requirements of domestic wastewater purification. Such facilities, at best, partially decrease the value of general BOD (biological oxygen demand) or simply let the wastewat
25、er flow through； whilst at worst, the wastewater is decomposing in these facilities and becomes even more poisonous when dumped into water bodies. Such industrial wastewaters are mostly polluted, especially with organic substances； therefore the purification facilities which are currently in operati
26、on are unable to clean them in compliance with sanitary requirements. A significant ecological danger comes from the pollution of surface waters with organic substances which the wastewaters flowing from cooking oil-producing facilities contain. These substances, when dumped into water bodies, promp
27、t the development of decomposition processes, infect water bodies with pathogenic bacteria, cause water efflorescence and have an overall negative influence over fauna and flora. For many enterprises of the subject branch, purification of wastewaters presents a serious problem. 乌克 兰 大部分的食用油生产企业不能净化
28、工业污水 ， 排放 成千上万吨的污染物质 进入水体。一些存在净化设备的地方是很久以前建立的而且是为生活污水净化而设计的。 这些设施即使在最好的情况下 也只能减少部分 BOD（生物需氧量）值或者仅仅是让水通过；最坏的情况是这些污水在排入水体前腐蚀这些设备并增强毒性。 这些工业 污水 大多受到污染 ，特别是有机物的污染；当前的净化设备不能达到卫生要求。 这些受食用油生产企业产生的有机物污染的地表水成为重大的 生态危机 。这些物质排放到 水体 中促进了腐烂 过程，病原菌污染了水体 ，导致水恶臭并且对动植物产生影响。 对 于许多企业， 污水净化成为一个严峻的问题 。 The purpose of th
29、e present study is to assess the condition of wastewaters pertaining to the production of cooking oil and to develop an effective and low-cost method for purification of wastewaters and utilisation of other oil production-related wastes which would comply with environmental safety requirements. 本研究的目的是评估 食用油工业产生的 污水 情况和开发一种高效、低成本的方法来利用市面上其他油类 污水 ，并且达到 环保安全要求 。
