1、Computer Control Technology A :The Application of Computer Computer take over the job s which used to be exclusive for humans with special skill and knowledge, for example, controlling productive process, manipulating machines, inspecting products quality, managing production plans, administering in
2、ventory, etc., all on an automatic scale with high efficiency and accuracy. In NC(Numerical control) systems, PID control systems, servo control systems, group control systems, optimal control and adaptive control systems, computer as a central control unit take all relevant calculations involved in
3、 the automatic control process and schedule all other working units in the system. The CIMS (computer Integrated Manufacturing System) contains not only a production control system but also production planning and management systems aiming at the integration of factory automation (FA) and an office
4、automation (OA), constituting a computer network for a whole company. The HIMS (Human Integrated Manufacturing System) is a form of high-level computer control. Virtual reality technology is used to create virtual space for human operators through the use of high-performance computer and specific so
5、ftware. Virtually computer simulation is based on mathematical models representing the nature of the object under study or examination. The mathematical model comprises a series of equations that depict the inherent process of the object in mathematical terms. A computer simulation program includes
6、algorithms that are derived from those equations. Many computer simulation system have been developed and proved to be cost-effective, because using computer simulation programs, engineers can accomplish iterative process each time by inputting different schemes and parameters into their computer mo
7、dels rather than building many different real model. The controller in a robot is mostly a computer from microprocessors to minicomputers. NC (Numeric Control) and SC( Servo Control) are widely used. They are re-programmable to produce sequences of instructions for all movements and actions to be ta
8、ken by the robot, in accordance with the program. For example, a controller sends a series of pulses to a step motor in a joint of a robot arm to rotate it a certain angle exactly as program requires. When all joints driven in the same way, the robot arm reach the designed position and attitude, and
9、 it end effector performs its jobs as the controller instructs it. The accuracy of movement is determined by the controller itself. CAD is software that can help engineering in their designs for new products building, print circuit boards, civil works like bridge and airports, relieving them from th
10、e tedious, back=breaking and time consuming jobs like drafting and drawing. When embarking on their designs, engineers frequently make reference into various manuals listed in which are details of structure, parts, materials and auxiliary materials ready for designs choice for their designs. CAD pro
11、ducts incorporate the content of all these manuals into a series of libraries in the software product, providing the engineers with information, for instance, names, dimensions, functions, performance, specifications, shapes, color, manufacturers, prices of the machine parts, components, tools, mate
12、rials, etc. all necessary for engineering design. CAM is a software helping engineers to analyze a product or a project, and give advice for manufacturing it or constructing it. Data, diagrams, tables, etc. showing its shape, dimension, structure, fabrication and the material is made from are input
13、as the software requires. Then it will give out suggestions about its manufacturing, for instance, machine procedure, machine tools and facilities to be used, technical parameters like allowance for finish, machining accuracy, as well as special processings. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a subdivi
14、sion of computer science. Its purpose is to develop theory and method to create “intelligent” computer programs that work in a human-like way, rather than subjecting human user to the stereotyped computer-dominated working style. In a sense of analogy, human intelligence is added to computer program
15、s which then exhibit more extensive ability, for example, thinking and reasoning, acquiring knowledge and applying it to solving more complex and difficult problems that present computer cant. Expert systems are the most successful example of AI. An expert system oriented to a specific profession wo
16、rks like a human expert of that field and provides advice to solving the problem proposed by the user. Expertise is derived and organized in its knowledge base ready for the user to retrieve. Today, many expert system have been commercially available and, and more are under development. B： Computer
17、Structure and Function The CPU reads and interprets the instructions, reads the data required by each instruction, executes the action required by the instruction, and stores the results back in memory. One of the action that is required of the CPU is to read data from or write data to an external d
18、evice. This is carried out using the input/output system. The memory of computer consists of a set of sequentially numbered locations. Each location is a register in which binary information can be stored. The number of location is called its address. The lowest address is 0. The manufacturer define
19、s a word length for the processor that is an integral number of locations long. In each word the bits can represent either data or instructions. For the Intel 8086/87 and Motorala MC68000 microprocessors, a word is 16 bits long, but each memory location has only 8 bits and thus two 8-bit location mu
20、st be accessed to obtain each data word. In order to use the contents of memory, the processor must fetch the contents of the right location. To carry out a fetch, the processor place (enables) the binary-coded address of the desired location onto the address line of the external processor bus. The
21、memory then allows the contents of the addressed memory location to be read by the processor. The process of fetching the contents of a memory location does not alter the contents of that location. In a real instruction set there are many more instructions. There is also a much larger number of memo
22、ry locations in which to store instructions and data. In order to increase the number of memory locations, the address fields and hence the instructions must be longer than 16 bits if we use the same approach. There are a number of way to increase the addressing range of the microprocessor without increasing the instruction length: variable instruction field, multiword instructions,
