1、 毕 业 设 计 (论文 ) 外 文 文 献 翻 译 专业 计算机科学与技术 学生姓名 班级 学号 指导教师 信息工程学院 1 1、外文文献 The History of the Internet The Beginning - ARPAnet The Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation
2、wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an Internet. By definition, an Internet is four or more
3、 computers connected by a network. ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one compute
4、r to talk to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh. By the 80s ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many mili
5、tary computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network. In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 c
6、omputers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet. With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines in 1988. By that time, ther
7、e were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were 290,000. Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992. Today - The Internet Today, the Internet has become one of the
8、most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get on line to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the 2 Internet, and its predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access.
9、 The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day. HOW IT WORKS: Its a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual
10、 Internet environments. The Internet is not a thing itself. The Internet cannot just crash. It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet. The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or hav
11、e the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it. The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage? Interne
12、t communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system. But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between one com
13、puter and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access. The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem c
14、able connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers. A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information. To explain this better, lets look at how a standard computer might view a webpage. 1. The users computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.
