1、 外文翻译 巴洛克与洛可可 1600-1751 BAROQUE&ROCOCO:1600-1750 Colonnade and Baldacchino,St.Peter,Rome,Italy,1620-1650,Architect:Bernini San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane,Rome,Italy,1640,Architect:Borromini San Andrea al Quirinale,Rome,Italy,1658-1670,Architect:Bernini Trevi Fountain,Rome,Italy,1732,Architect:Salvi
2、Versailles Palace,Versailles,France,1670-1710,Architect:Mansart and Le Brun Bishops Residence,Wurzburg,Germany,1720-1744,Architect:Neumann Introduction:After years of following the rational Renaissance rules of design,architects were looking for new inspiration.While Renaissance architecture was mos
3、tly expressed through geometric proportions and the limitations of the straight line,Baroque and Rococo architecture was based on the curved line and rounded forms.Designs from this period were emotional and dramatic.If Renaissance architecture was calm and serene,Baroque architecture was full of pa
4、ssion and exuberance. At the same time,the Pope and the Catholic church,in an effort to strengthen its authority which was weakened during the Renaissance),were also searching for a new image that would appeal to the emotions of the people.Thus,the baroque was also a reaction against the Renaissance
5、 principles of humanism which proposed a less religious outlook.As a result, the Baroque style developed mostly in Catholic countries in Europe such as Italy,France and Germany while it was almost non-existent in more Protestant countries such as England and Holland.With the Popes power restored,the
6、 Catholic Church also attempted to renew interest in the church through the arts.Along with increased spiritual awareness,it was also a time of intense artistic expression through architecture,sculpture,painting,music and landscape fountain design. The French wordbaroquemeans bizarre or fantastic.Sp
7、aces were manipulated like plastic or clay,architectural elements were deliberately distorted,and the laws of nature were often ignored.Baroque architectural elements were deliberately distorted,and the laws of nature were often ignored.Baroque architects had complete artistic freedom.Yet,while Baro
8、que architecture was an expression of unusual creativity and originality,it was also symbolic of extreme decadence and excessive ornamentation.The Rococo was the last phase of the Baroque. During the early 1700s,both the royalty and church leaders in France and Germany demanded more elegant and extr
9、avagant architecture.The Rococo was characterized by lightness in color while the Baroque style was much darker and heavier feeling.Rococo building exteriors were also more delicate and refined than the Baroque.Overall,the Rococo was a time of extreme decoration,ornamentation and display of wealth a
10、nd power. Baroque Forms: Unlike the Renaissance,architects did not follow one set of Baroque principles neatly described in an illustrated book.Instead,Baroque architects worked as hard as they could to make their designs unique,original,creative and inspirational.They used Renaissance forms,such as
11、 the arch,cross vault,classical column and dome,but in completely new and sometime bizarre ways. Common characteristics of the Baroque period: Curved Forms and Spiral Columns Enormous Scale and Grand Volumes Religious Enthusiasm and Expression Opulent of Extravagant use of Materials Opulent of Extra
12、vagant use of Materials Complex Interiors with Dramatic Lighting Energetic and Emotional Sculpture and Fountains Illusionism created with Mirrors and Painting Playfulness and Freedom of Spirit Colonnade,St.Peters,Rome,1620-1650,architect:Bernini The design of St.Peters,which had been developing sinc
13、e the days of Bramante and Michelangelo,was completed by Gianlorenzo Bernini,Bernini,a painter and a sculptor, wasa also one of the most famous architects of the Baroque period.Berninis largest and most impressive project was the design of a monumental piazza(open square)in front of St.Peters Cathed
14、ral.Bernini had to adjust his design for pre-existing structures:an ancient obelisk brought back from Egypt by the Romans and two fountains.He used these elements(obeliskand fountains)to define the long axis leading to the entrance of St.Peters.To intensify this axis,Bernini designed ta vast oval su
15、rrounded by massive colonnades that were attached to the fa?ade of St.Peters.Huge Tuscan columns made up the two colonnades which ended in classical temple fronts.The dramatic gesture of an embrace mad e by the colonnades symbolized the welcoming arms of the church.Thus,the compact,centralized Renai
16、ssance design of the cathedral by Michelangelo was expanded by the axially ordered elements of the Baroque colonnades by Bernini.While the typical Renaissance building stood quietly alone,Baroque architecture boldly reached out to its surroundings. Baldacchino,St.Peters,Rome,1620-1650,architect:Bern
17、ini Long before the planning of the Piazza and Colonnades,Bernini and been at work designing the interior of St.Peters.His first commission at St.Peters,completed between 1624and 1633, ws the gigantic,bronze baldacchino(a canopy on columns)built over the most sacredc place within the church-the altar under the great dome.The baldacchino form had been used in ancient architecture.For example,in the megaron at the Citadel of Tiryns,the kings throne was surrounded by 4 great columns to mark its extreme significance.Almost 100(30m)high,the baldacchino at
