1、PDF外文：http:/ Sport Activities Monitoring System based on Acceleration and Rotation Microelectromechanical Sensors (原文 1) Abstract.Although.there.are.several.technological.tools.to.aid.sports.training,.most.of.them.are.high.cost.solutions.and.gene
2、rally.very.specific.to.a.particular.sport,.which.hinders.the.diffusion.of.such.technologies.This.paper.presents.a.low-.cost.non-invasive.microcontroller.Sport.Activities.Monitoring.System.(SAMS).prototype,.which.is.based.on.acceleration.and.rotation.microelectromechanical.sensors.(MEMs).for.obtainin
3、g.biomechanical.data.during.the.athletes.training,.without.leaving.the.natural.environment.of.his.activities.The.sensors.signals.are.wirelessly.transmitted.from.the.SAMSputer.in.order.to.process.the.data,.through.an.easy.and.intuitive.Virtual.Instrument.(VI).interface.developed.in.LabVIEW.This.VI.sa
4、ves.and.displays.real-time.data.in.a.graphic.form.The.experimental.results.were.obtained.in.two.different.environments:.first.we.used.a.stationary.bike.and.then.we.tested.the.SAMS.in.a.professional.cycle.track.The.system.allows.the.acceleration.acquisition.in.the.range.form.1,5.G.until.10.G.and.rota
5、tion.in.the.span.of.50.o/s.The.maximum.transmission.range.is.about.70.m.The.SAMS.has.a.small.size.(37x49x20.mm).and.lightweight.(40.g),.making.it.a.versatile.monitoring.system.to.aid.athletes.and.coaches.during.the.training,.allowing.refinements.on.the.technique.The.SAMS.is.also.a.suitable.tool.for.
6、the.physical.education.research.area. .Keywords:.accelerometer,.gyroscope,.sport.monitoring,.virtual.instrumentation,munication,.real.time.feedback. I. INTRODUCTION Currently.advances.on.microelectronics.and.MEMs.sen-.sors,.are.each.time.smaller,.with.low.power.consumption.and.affordable.prices.maki
7、ng.it.more.feasible.and.permitting.its.application.on.sports.Accelerometers,.gyroscopes,.micro-.phones.and.cameras.among.others,.lend.themselves.suitable.to.a.wide.range.of.sports.applications.1,.making.possible.to.obtain.biomechanical,.physical.or.cognitive.information.from.monitoring.the.athletes.
8、performance.during.their.trainings.or.sport.practices.Nmunication.standards.like.Bluetooth.and.ZigbeeTM.,working.sensors,.that.can.be.widely.applied.in.the.healthcare.and.in.sports.2.since.it.allows.data.transmission.without.mobility.interfering.The.athletes.performance.depends.on.the.environment.wh
9、ere.he.or.she.is.being.monitored.2,.for.example:.laboratory,.inside/outside.training,.competition.or.playing.field.conditions.In.addition.to.that,.it.is.known.that.when.feedback.is.provided.in.an.appropriate.manner,.motor.skill.acquisition.improves.significantly.Consequently,.feedback.is.a.major.fac
10、tor.in.the.improvements.of.sport.skill.performance.3.Furthermore,.systems.with.immediate.feedback.increase.the.athletes.motivation. II.HARDWARE.SYSTEM.PROTOTYPE Figure.1.shows.the.block.diagram.of.the.Sport.Activities.Monitoring.System.(SAMS).prototype,.which.is.divided.in.two.boards:.the.first.one,
11、.has.the.acceleration.and.rotation.sensors,.a.microcontroller,.a.radiofrequency.module.and.a.battery.This.is.the.mobile.part.of.the.prototype.and.can.be.attached.to.the.athletes.body.The.second.board,.also.called.base.station.board,.was.adapted.from.a.USB-RogerCom.board.4,.and.incorporates.a.radiofr
12、equency.module.Tputers.USB.port,.in.order.to.acquire.the.sensors.data. The.prototype.sensors.were.chosen.by.taking.into.account.their.operation.range,.size,.energy.consumption,.number.of.axes,.type.of.output,.encapsulation.and.price,.keeping.this.in.mind,.the.accelerometers.MMA7260.and.MMA7261
13、.from.FreescaleTM.and.the.gyroscopes.IDG-.300.and.IDG-1004.from.InvenSenseTM.were.chosen.With.regards.to.the.microcontroller,.we.selected.a.low.power,.eight.bit.MC9S08QE128.from.FreescaleTM.The.radiofrequency.module.Xbee/XbeePro.from.DigiTM.,.and.a.rechargeable.3,7.V.lithium.prismatic.battery.were.a
14、lso.selected. .Accelerometers:.The.MMA7260.(introduced.in.2005.by.FreescaleTM.5).and.the.MMA7261.6.are.MEMs.tri-axis.acceleration.sensors.with.selectable.sensitivity.(1,5/2/4/6.G),.low.current.consumption.(500.A),.sleep.mode.(3.A),.low.voltage.operation.(2,2.to.3,6.V).and.low.cost.(3,35.USD).The.out
15、put.voltage.is.ratiometric.and.proportional.to.the.acceleration,.this.simply.means.that.the.output.offset.voltage.and.sensitivity.will.scale.linearly.with.applied.supply.voltage.Table.I.presents.the.typical.sensitivity.for.3,3.V.power.supply.voltage.and.Figure.2.shows.the.sensor.dynamic.acceleration
16、.axis. Gyroscopes:.The.IDG-300.and.IDG-1004.are.an.inte-.grated.dual-axis.angular.rate.sensors.(gyroscopes).Both.of.them.use.InvenSenseTM.s.proprietary.and.patented.MEMS.technology.with.vertically.driven,plete,.dual-axis.angular.rate.sensor.7.The.output.voltage.of.the.gyroscope.is.proportional
17、.to.the.angular.velocity.The.IDG-300.full.scale.range.is.500.o/s,.sensitivity.2.mV/./s,.low.voltage.operation.(3,0.to.3,3.V).and.low.cost.(30.USD).For.IDG-1004.8.the.main.difference.is.the.full.scale.range.50.o/s,.and.the.sensitivity.4.mV/.O/s.Figure.3.presents.the.rotation.axis.and.the.gyroscope.bo
18、ard.witch.is.going.to.be.part.of.the.SAMS,.allowing.to.obtain.the.yaw.rotation. Xbee/XbeePro.Modules:.Wmunication.between.the.mobile.board.and.the.base.station.board.was.achieved.with.the.Xbee/XbeePro.RF.modules.from.Digi.This.modules.were.introduced.in.the.market.in.2007,.and.were.designed.to.meet.the.IEEE.802.15.4.standard.(ZigBeeTM).The.modules.operate.within.the.ISM.(Indus-.trial,.Scientific.and.Medical).2.4.GHz.frequency.band,.send-.ing.and.receiving.signals.and.physically.pin-to-pati-.ble.with.each.other.9.Figure.4.presents.the.Xbee/XbeePro.modules.
