1、 2700单词，14500英文字符，4800汉字出处：Demers S M. Mechanical andRegenerative Braking Integration for a Hybrid Electric VehicleJ. MastersAbstracts International, 2008. 1 外文文献原稿和译文 原 稿 Mechanical and Regenerative Braking Integration for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Abstract Hy
2、brid electric vehicle technology has become a preferred method for the automotive industry to reduce environmental impact and fuel consumption of their vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles accomplish these reductions through the use of multiple propulsion systems, namely an electric motor and internal
3、 combustion engine, which allow the elimination of idling, operation of the internal combustion engine in a more efficient manner and the use of regenerative braking. However, the added cost of the hybrid electric system has hindered the sales of these vehicles. A more cost effective design of an el
4、ectro-hydraulic braking system is presented. The system electro-mechanically controlled the boost force created by the brake booster independently of the driver braking force and with adequate time response. The system allowed for the blending of the mechanical and regenerative braking torques in a
5、manner transparent to the driver and allowed for regenerative braking to be conducted efficiently. A systematic design process was followed, with emphasis placed on demonstrating conceptual design feasibility and preliminary design functionality using virtual and physical prototyping. The virtual an
6、d physical prototypes were then used in combination as a powerful tool to validate and develop the system. The role of prototyping in the design process is presented and discussed. 2 Through the experiences gained by the author during the design process, it is recommended that students create
7、 physical prototypes to enhance their educational experience. These experiences are evident throughout the thesis presented. 1.1 Modern Hybrid Electric Vehicles With rising gas prices and the overwhelming concern for the environment, consumers and the government have forced the automotive industry t
8、o start producing more fuel efficient vehicles with less environmental impact. One promising method that is currently being implemented is the hybrid electric vehicle. Hybrid vehicles are defined as vehicles that have two or more power sources 25. There are a large number of possible variations, but
9、 the most common layout of hybrid vehicles today combines the power of an internal combustion engine (ICE) with the power of an electric motor and energy storage system (ESS). These vehicles are often referred to as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) 25. These two power sources are used in conjunction
10、to optimize the efficiency and performance of the vehicle, which in turn will increase fuel economy and reduce vehicle emissions, all while delivering the performance the consumer requires. In 1997, the Toyota Prius became the first hybrid vehicle introduced into mass production in Japan. It took an
11、other three years for the first mass produced hybrid vehicle, the Honda Insight, to be introduced into the North American market. The release of the Honda Insight was closely followed by the release of the Toyota Prius in North America a couple of months later 35. Hybrid electric vehicles have the d
12、istinct advantage of regenerative braking. The electric motor, normally used for propulsion, can be used as a generator to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle back into electrical energy during braking, rather than wasting energy as heat. This electrical energy can then be stored in an ESS (e.g. b
13、atteries or ultracapacitors) and later released to propel the vehicle using the electric motor. This process becomes even more important when considering the energy density of batteries compared to gasoline or diesel fuel. Energy density is defined as the amount of energy stored in a system per unit
14、 volume or mass 44. To illustrate this point, 4 kilograms (4.5 litres) of gasoline will typically give a motor vehicle a range of 3 50 kilometres. To store the same amount of useful electric energy it requires a lead acid battery with a mass of about 270 kilograms 25. This demonstrates the ne
15、ed for efficient regenerative braking to store electrical energy during driving, which in turn will keep the mass of the energy storage system down and improve the performance and efficiency of the HEV. 1.2 Research Scope - Regenerative Braking Systems The scope of the research presented is to creat
16、e a low cost regenerative braking system to be used on future economical hybrid vehicles to study the interaction between regenerative and mechanical braking of the system. This system should be able to control the combination of both regenerative and mechanical braking torque depending on driver de
17、mand and should be able to do so smoothly and safely. Controlling the regenerative braking torque can be done using control algorithms and vector control for induction motors. However, controlling the mechanical braking torque independently of the driver pedal force, while maintaining proper safety
18、back-ups, proved to be more of a challenge. To overcome this problem, a system was developed that would attenuate the pressure in the brake booster in order to control the amount of mechanical torque developed by the braking system 2.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Overview Hybrid vehicles have emer
19、ged as one of the short term solutions for reducing vehicle emissions and improving fuel economy. Over the past 10 years almost all of the major automotive companies have developed and released for sale their own hybrid electric vehicles to the public. The popularity of hybrid electric vehicles has
20、grown considerably since the turn of the century. With enormous pressure to become more environmentally friendly and with unpredictable gas prices, the sales of hybrid electric vehicles have increased dramatically in recent years. 2.1.1 Hybrid Configurations For the past 100 years the objective of the hybrid has been to extend the range of electric vehicles and to overcome the problem of long recharging times 35. There are three predominant hybrid electric vehicle configurations currently on the market today. These configurations are known as series hybrids, parallel hybrids and
