1、附录二：中英文翻译： The develop of Electronics（ computer） Electronics is a part of the larger field of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics. Modern advances in the fields of computer, control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics. The fie
2、ld of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit and so on Electronics began in 1883, when Thomas Edison discovered the vacuum diode as part of his research on materials for a practical electric light. This first electronic device exhibited a nonlinear, unilateral charact
3、eristic but was not capable of producing amplification of a signal. In 1905 Fleming produced the first diode in England and in 1906 DeForest made the first triode in the United States. The widespread applications of vacuum tubes during that time period were in the communications industry, first in r
4、adio and later in television. The use of vacuum tubes declined rapidly when a semiconductor device was invented that could perform many of the functions previously associated with vacuum tubes. The first large digital electronic system was a special-purpose vacuum tube circuit called the electronic
5、numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC). The ENIAC was the forerunner of the computer industry. the early transistor was invented in 1984 and made a significant contribution to electronics. The early transistors were made from germanium. The most visible application of these devices was in small,
6、portable AM broadcast receivers. Silicon transistors began to replace germanium transistors in the late 1950s, which made possible the next revolutionary step in electronics. The commercial success of the integrated circuit industry was based on standard products representing digital logic families.
7、 The integrated circuit industry was moving from the era of small-scale circuits to large-scale integration (LSI). As the decade of the 1970s came to a close, a new era in integrated circuits was beginning. This era is characterized by the inclusion of larger and larger and larger numbers of compone
8、nts in a single circuit, and it is called very large-scale integration (VLSI). Electronic technology is developing rapidly in the world. And electronics industry is equipped it make yet another giant step forward. A computer is a machine that accepts and processes data into information under the con
9、trol of a stored program. Data are facts or observations, while information is the meaning we attribute them. A computer is a data processing machine. Data flow into the machine as input. Information flows from the machine as output. The computer processes the data. These three basic concepts of inp
10、ut, processing and output occur in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play. What do we mean when we say that a computer processes data? Process implies that a change takes place. For example, in clothing manufacturing, input is the pieces of cut cloth. The processing is the sewi
11、ng together of these pieces. And the output is the finished garment. Often, data processing involves filtering and summarizing data so that underlying and output. What makes a computer different from a calculator? We know that when adding two numbers on a calculator to find the sum, it requires dire
12、ct human intervention at each step. A computer can process data automatically without human intervention. However a computer is not intelligent. It doesnt know when to add, or subtract, or compare, or request input. If it is to function without direct human control, it must be given a set of instruc
13、tions to guide it, step, through a process. The set of instructions is called a program. The program is stored physically inside the machine, making it a stored program. It is the stored program that distinguishes a computer from a calculator. Modern computers vary in physical size from those that f
14、ill rooms to those that with CPUs the size of a dime. Generally, the larger the system, the greater its processing speed, storage capacity. Systems on the low end of the size scale are called microcomputers, whose central processor is built as a single semiconductor device, called the microprocessor
15、. Continuing up the size scale, mainframe computers are systems that may offer faster processing speeds and greater storage capacity than a typical microcomputer. Finally come the supersystems, designed to process complex scientific applications. These systems are the largest, fastest. Computers are
16、 thought to have many remarkable powers. In the past, a complex computation would take years of human remarkable power. In the past, a complex computation would take years of human work. But now it can be done in a few seconds. A number of various complicated problems could not be solved in the past
17、, however, they have been solved with the help of computers today. A computer is a fast and accurate symbol manipulating system that is organized to accept, store, and process data and produce output result under the direction of a store program of instruction. A computer is controlled by a stored p
18、rogram, thus, the first step in using the machine is copying the program from diskette or trap into memory. Now , the processor can begin executing instructions. Input data from keyboard、 diskette of tape are stored in memory. The processor manipulates the data, storing the result back into memory,
19、finally the result are output. Memorys contents are easy to change, thus when one set of data has been processed, the program can be repeated, reading and processing new data, and generating new output. If the data can be changed, why not the program? When a program is finished, a new one can take i
20、ts in memory, allowing the computer to process completely different data. One minute it can prepare bills from invoices under control of a billing program. Later, this same collection of components, controlled yet by another program, can read statistical data and produce a chart, or sense the moveme
21、nts of a joystick and manipulate the position of an imaginary spaceship on a display screen. Digital computer are made for both special uses. A special-purpose computer is one thats designed to perform only one specific task. The program of instructions is wired into, or permanently stored in such a
22、 machine. Although it lacks versatility, it does its single task quickly and efficiently, A general-purpose computer is one that can store different programs and can thus be used a machine can process a payroll one minute and a billing application the next .New programs can be written, and old progr
23、ams can be changed or dropped. The versatility of a general-purpose system is limited only by human imagination. The physical components of a computer -the processor, memory, input devices, and output devices, and output devicesare its hardware. You can see them, touch them, and feel them. Programs and data are different, existing only as electronic pulses stored in memory. Software is a general term for programs. Hardware and configuration The key elements in the computer systems hardware include input/output devices, central processing unit and memory.
