1、PDF外文：http:/ 34 毕业设计 (论文 )外文资料翻译 院（系）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处： 附件： 2012 年 5 月 4 日 外文原文 Low cost RISC implementation of intelligent ultra fast charger for 34 NiCd battery Abstract This paper presents a low
2、cost reduced instruction set computer (RISC) implementation of an intelligent ultra fast charger for anickelcadmium (NiCd) battery. The charger employs a genetic algorithm (GA) trained generalized regression neural network (GRNN)as a key to ultra fast charging while avoiding battery damage. The trad
3、eoff between mean square error (MSE) and the computationalburden of the GRNN is addressed. Besides, an efficient technique is proposed for estimation of a radial basis function (RBF) in theGRNN. Hardware realization based upon the techniques is discussed. Experimental results with commercial NiCd ba
4、tteries reveal thatwhile the proposed charger significantly reduces the charging time, it scarcely deteriorates the battery energy storage capability whencompared with the conventional charger. Keywords: Battery charger； NiCd battery； Fast charging； GA； GRNN； RBF 1. Introduction A battery is an elec
5、trochemical device that convertschemical energy contained in its active materials directlyinto electric energy through an electrochemical oxida-tionreduction reactions 1. At present, a secondary orrechargeable battery is widely used in many applicationsincluding wireless communication devices and po
6、rtableappliances. This type of battery includes nickel cadmium(NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium ion(Li-ion) batteries. Among these, NiCd battery is the mostpopular rechargeable battery due to its low cost, high num-ber of chargedischarge cycles and excellent load perfor-mance 2.
7、 Battery charging is a very crucial factor in a contracted manufacturing, where a large number of battery powered plug-and-play devices are often produced. A fully charged Ni Cd battery may be supplied by a battery manufacturer.However, in many practical situations, such as shipment del
8、ay or firmware upgrading, the battery must be recharged by the manufacturer before shipping to a customer.Because of its simple structure and cost competitiveness,a constant trickle current charge strategy 1,2 is one of the most common charging techniques for a Ni Cd battery. The technique requires
9、a long charge time since it employs a very low charging current, i.e. 0.1 C where C is the battery capacity, Sometimes the charging lasts longer than 10 h,and thus, the charger is often referred to as an overnight charger 3. Of course, this is not a suitable technique for the manufacturing pro
10、cess. In order to reduce the charging time, a much larger cur-rent than the trickle current may be utilized in the charging system. However, this may come at the expense of battery damage because supplying a high current to the battery for certain period of time may result in exce
11、ssive rise in tem-perature and eventually cancel a charging reaction of the battery. A more sophisticated algorithm was introduced in Ref. 4. Specifically, by determining the battery charge status, the technique selects a suitable charge strategy so that minimal charging time is obtained. Besides, i
12、mplemen-tation of the charger based on the Motorola TM microcon-troller was subsequently presented in Ref. 5. However,since the charger utilizes the maximum charge current of1 C, the charging time was still approximately 1 h. In fact, charging the battery with a charging current of more than
13、1C is possible, see e.g. Refs. 2,6 . Nonetheless,the charging process must be carefully undertaken other-wise the rapid rise in battery temperature can cause severe battery damage. Therefore, a temperature sensor should be employed in practice to monitor the battery temperature.During the last decad
14、e, several charger designs relying upon an intelligent controller have been introduced. In Ref. 7, a fast charging algorithm based upon a relation-ship between the voltage and temperature of the battery was proposed. Another method that utilizes a nonlinear controller was subsequently introduced in Ref. 8. In addi-tion, fast charging techniques that rely upon a neuro-fuzzy
