1、附录 外文翻译 Developing a Safety Case Approach for the Treatment of Tanker Incidents Abstract In this paper we examine new methods for investigating and evaluating marine accidents at the internationa level. The main feature is the assessment of risks because ship safety regulations have so far failed to
2、 address the risks caused by ships. In decision-making process criteria may be used to determine whether risks are acceptable or tolerable. The Safety Case Approach is a risk-management methodology that may assist ship operators to reduce risks to as low as reasonably practicable. It does not refer
3、to prescriptive rules and regulations but rather uses the goal-setting principle. So far, it has been applied to high-speed crafts in order to provide high levels of safety for the safe and efficient operation of these vessels. We focus on the tanker industry and particularly on incidents caused by
4、fire or explosion because they involve high risks of environmental damage and loss of lives. Keywords: Tanker incidents, risk-based techniques, new rule-making culture, safety case approach 1.Introduction It has been acknowledged, based on past experience, that accident investigations in the maritim
5、e field are not an easy task. Parties involved, namely shipowners, underwriters, cargo owners and flag state authorities seemed reluctant or were unable to release information with respect to marine accidents or near-miss situations, the main reason being the future legal implications particularly w
6、hen negligence or liability arises. No further improvement has been made over the last years despite the fact that most research work is conducted to solely identify the causes of casualties rather than to apportion liabilities. It has been noted that, Intertanko (1998) the intemational legal framew
7、ork for shipping is directed mostly at handling claims than the preventing of accidents. This situation graduallychanges with the adoption of new safety culture and quality management techniques mostly expressed through the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which requires shipping companies
8、 to operate on-board a safety-related incident reporting system including events that did not occur. However, in practice it would not be difficult to develop policies and procedures according to the ISM Code but rather to implement the Safety Management System (SMS) and achieve its goals. The more
9、interesting parties getting involved in a maritime incident the more demand for a realistic approach is needed. Investigation techniques based on interviews or self-reporting of personnel or maritime court proceedings have been criticized mainly because the first two focus on performance and reliabi
10、lity and the third on liability. New methodologies based on risk assessment have been adopted and been preferred by underwriters who are not willing to compensate for deficiencies resulting in damages, though there is a limit to the applicability of various methods (i.e. HAZOP) to the industry in ge
11、neral because the human factor plays the leading role in safety matters. 2. Risk-Based Techniques and Related Legislation According to Australian/New Zealand Standards Organisations, risk management is the systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices to the tasks of identi
12、fying, analyzing, assessing, treating and monitoring risk, whereas risk assessment is the process used to determine risk management priorities by evaluating and comparing the level of risk against predetermined standards, target risk levels or other criteria Bailey (1999). It would undoubtedly be be
13、tter to examine risk before accidents occur rather than reaching the stage of cure, where political pressure usually followed by human or environmental tragedies is forced. To draft or amend regulations is a time-consuming process (including the stage of implementation) and should not be based on su
14、bjective opinions of regulators but rather on a systematic and rational examination of the issues and reliable information dependent on true statistics. Risk assessment is a means by which safety decisions can be more effective. In the shipping sector, risk is assessed as proposed by A. Cole-King and O.H. King (1995):
